Research Article
Evaluation of ATP Bioluminescence Compared to Colony Counting Method for Measuring Cleanliness and Disinfection Efficiency of Different Surfaces
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
53-58
Received:
26 March 2026
Accepted:
8 April 2026
Published:
23 April 2026
Abstract: Prompt evaluation of cleanliness and disinfection efficacy is significant for on-site scenarios. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay is effective for hygiene evaluation, while the ATP relative light unit (RLU) differs from various surfaces. This study compared the effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence assay and colony counting method in evaluating the cleanliness and disinfection efficiency on different surfaces, and to explore the feasibility of on-site ATP evaluation. Evaluation of disinfection efficiency was conducted in the laboratory floor by disinfecting 900 mg/L chlorine disinfectant for 30 min, and the ATP RLU and the total bacterial colonies were detected before and after disinfection. On-site sampling and detection of ATP and total bacterial colonies were performed on the surface and floor of the food processing workshop. Following the disinfection with chlorine disinfectant, the killing ratio of natural bacterial colonies and the elimination ratio of ATP RLU decreased by 90.52% and 86.87% respectively. Spearman rank-correlation analysis indicated that ATP RLU exhibited a positive correlation with colony forming unit (CFU). The ATP RLU of the tables and floors in the workshop were within the ranges of (14 - 849)/100 cm² and (131 - 8437)/100 cm² respectively, and the total bacterial colonies were within the ranges of (0 - 200) CFU/100 cm² and (30 - 800) CFU/100 cm² respectively. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that there was no linear correlation between Log RLU and Log CFU on the tables, whereas a linear positive correlation was detected for the floor samples. The decrease ratio of ATP RLU was consistent to the total colony count for disinfection, but the relationship was intricate in the cleanliness evaluation within the workshop. The two methods may be integrated comprehensively to evaluate the cleanliness and disinfection of surface.
Abstract: Prompt evaluation of cleanliness and disinfection efficacy is significant for on-site scenarios. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay is effective for hygiene evaluation, while the ATP relative light unit (RLU) differs from various surfaces. This study compared the effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence assay and colony counting method ...
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Research Article
Microbiological and Sensory Profile of Palm Kernel Oil Produced in Benin
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
59-67
Received:
7 April 2026
Accepted:
20 April 2026
Published:
12 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20261102.12
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Abstract: In Benin, palm kernel oil is used for various purposes, including food, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. However, artisanal production processes raise concerns about the microbiological quality of these oils and may influence their sensory characteristics, thereby questioning consumer safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and sensory quality of palm kernel oils produced using different processing technologies in Benin. To achieve this, oil samples from three different technologies were considered: modern technology with kernel roasting (MT), modern technology with solar drying (MS), and semi-traditional technology (ST). A total of eighty-one palm kernel oil samples were aseptically collected from high-production areas and analyzed using standard methods. Data were processed using Excel 2016 and R 4.4.2 by calculating means and standard deviations, followed by comparisons using ANOVA and the Student–Newman–Keuls test (P < 0.05). The analyzed palm kernel oils were free from major pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus), confirming their microbiological safety. However, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (1.58×10³–5×10⁴ CFU/g), total coliforms (0.92×102–2.37×102 CFU/g), and yeasts/molds (up to 2.8×102 CFU/g) exceeded acceptable limits, and the presence of Staphylococcus spp. (1.5×10¹–2.0×10¹ CFU/g) suggests contamination related to handling, storage, or drying conditions. Sensory evaluation revealed that the semi-traditional technology (ST) best preserves aroma, taste, and overall acceptability, whereas roasting (MT) alters the organoleptic profile. These findings highlight the need to optimize hygiene practices and processing methods to ensure optimal microbiological and sensory quality, thereby guaranteeing the safety and acceptability of the oils produced.
Abstract: In Benin, palm kernel oil is used for various purposes, including food, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. However, artisanal production processes raise concerns about the microbiological quality of these oils and may influence their sensory characteristics, thereby questioning consumer safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mic...
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Xiaoying Qin
