Development of <i>Oryza sativa</i> L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season

Anup Kumar Sarkar; Raima Dutta; Debasmita Goswami; Anindita Das; Sarmistha Das; Indrakshi Chakraborty; Arpita Das; Papiya Bala; Sreetama Ray; Ankita Das

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season

Anup Kumar Sarkar^*

, Raima Dutta

, Debasmita Goswami

, Anindita Das

, Sarmistha Das

, Indrakshi Chakraborty

, Arpita Das

, Papiya Bala

, Sreetama Ray

, Ankita Das

Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 14, Issue 3)

Received: 25 February 2026 Accepted: 23 April 2026 Published: 16 May 2026

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Abstract

The Design of worldwide rice production is linked to the development of hybrid rice. Total rice growing land will be reduced due to the production of hybrid rice which has helped to feed people worldwide. The present study was initiated to select the few hybrid seeds of rice as compared with Nationally selected 6 number of check hybrid seeds or control. The field experiment was conducted at Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Regional Research Station, Barrackpore, 24 Parganas North (22º 7’48” and 88º30’ 0’’ E), Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India, during the Rabi season in the year of 2021-2022. Altogether, sixty-six (66) treatments were carried out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in the Regional Research Station. The obtained data exhibited the higher yielding capacity only 12 No. of hybrids and the occurrence of a 5% extra yield deviation from the control hybrids' yielding capacity. The tallest height (cm) of variety (T₅₈= NPHK-2), maximum length (cm) of panicle (T₄₀=TCH-54), highest Days of Flowering (50%) (T₅₇=NPHK-14 and T₂₇=NPHK-3), highest of Ear Bearing Tiller number (T₁₃=NPHK-28), highest Grain panicle^-1 number (T₅₁=TCH-44)), maximum Chaffs panicle^-1 number (T₁₉=TCH-100), highest Plant yield (gm) (T₅₄=TCH-94), maximum 1000 Grain weight (gm) (T₄₉=TCH-97), maximum Plot yield (Kg) (T₄₉=TCH-97) and maximum Yield production tons ha^-1 (T₄₉=TCH-97) were observed all morphological parameters in compares with control treatments. Out of the 60 hybrids, only 12 numbers promising hybrids T₄₉= TCH-97, T₅₀= NPHK-17, T₅₁= TCH-44, T₅₂= NPHK-18, T₅₃=TCH-38, T₅₄=TCH-94, T₅₅=TCH-106, T₅₆=TCH-42, T₅₇=NPHK-14, T₅₈= NPHK-2, T₅₉= NPHK-8, and T₆₀=TCH-86 in yielding capacity have been selected for large scale seed production. Henceforth, the above-mentioned hybrid seeds are available for undertaking large-scale farming by farmers.

Published in	American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 14, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
Page(s)	133-148
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hybrid Rice, Rabi Season, Morphological Characters, Check Hybrids, Seed Production

1. Introduction

Sustainable agricultural development and Food security are vital resources for the well-being of all countries and their people. The increasing world population, environmental changes, urban development, creating the loss of land, and increasing demand for animal feed are reasons for the threat to food security. Rice (Oryza sativa L., 2n=2x=24) is the second most widely grown cereal in the world

[1]

and accounts for over 20% of global caloric intake

[2]

. In India rice is one of the most important staple foods required for more than 70% of people. The area basis rice production in India is the 1st position as China harvests the largest-scale rice production in the world. Rice is not India's only staple food; more than half of the world's population depends on rice

[3]

. It plays a vital role in the socioeconomic conditions in East and Southeast Asian countries

[4]

. The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) in India 2007 was launched hybrid rice seed technology playing a vital role in the higher rate of rice production. Heterosis or hybrid vigour of rice was first reported by Jones in 1926

[5]

. Hybrid rice production is a completely different breeding procedure from those used for breeding inbred rice varieties. Accumulate productivity genes that execute healthily under homozygous conditions in an inbred line breeding program, whereas hybrid breeding collects genes under heterozygous conditions in hybrids from two different parents. The presence of dissimilar genes expresses dominant, epistatic, and additive effects; their adverse effects, if any, due to repulsion-phase linkage occurring in parental lines, are overcome by their co-existence in hybrids. Rice breeders in China started hybrid rice development in 1964 through a three-line system but in 1976, the same procedure was used for commercially large-scale production of hybrid rice. In 1983 the successful commercialization of hybrid rice yield was 5 tonnes ha^-1, but through the modern hybrid rice technology process (three-line system) in 1995 induced the yielding of rice nationwide more or less 6 tonnes ha^-1 in the republic of China

[6]

. The continuously increasing large population led to the initiation in the next year 1996 the Ministry of Agriculture of China decided to meet the food demand of the Chinese people in the 21^st century not only by introducing the probability of increasing the yielding capacity through a super rice breeding program along with the utilization of the arable land. It was made into four stages with the target of the particular quantity through advanced science and technology: 1^st stage from 1996 - 2000 with the production of 10.5 tons ha ^-1, 2^nd stage from 2001- 2005 with the production of 12 tons ha ^-1, 3^rd stage from 2006- 2015 with the production 13.5 tons ha^-1, 4^th stage from 2016-2020 with the production 15 tons ha^-1

[7]

. The improved agronomic packages, such as appropriate seed rates, optimum seedling density, spacing, balanced and optimum fertilizer, etc. enhanced the production of hybrid rice

[8]

. Three major steps are involved in this procedure i.e., 1^st Parental lines development, 2^nd seed production through experimental hybrid combination, and 3^rd hybrid combination seeds evaluation. Breeding efficiency for improvement in hybrid rice can be made through different modern biotechnological tools.

1.1. Principle of Hybrid Rice Seed Production

The use of hybrid seeds started in the 1970s but the grain's achievements have shown in current times

[9]

. Cross-fertilization between dissimilar strains of rice is induced to form hybrids for increased vigorous form to compare with both parents

[10]

. Rice is principally a self-pollinating plant, so naturally, it is impossible to achieve heterosis among the plants. Two approaches are being used for the formation of heterosis plants. One of the approaches that are important for the use of cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CGMS) line in the development of hybrid rice is a three-line system that is well known to rice breeders in the world. The studies of pollen which is exclusively regulated by cytoplasmic genes or plasma genes is known as Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS).

1.2. Process of Hybrid Rice Seed Production

1.2.1. Three-line System

This system consists of three lines (a) Cytoplasmic Male Sterile / A-line, (b) Maintainer / B-line or male fertile, and (c) Restorer / R-line. The CMS is maintained by crossing the A-line with B-Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS). In the CGMS system, sterility or fertility occurs due to the interaction of cytoplasm with the nuclear gene. In the A-line, the sterility including cytoplasm has been incorporated from the related wild species and the nucleus contains normal cytoplasm and recessive fertility restorer gene, so, it is fertile. The A and B-lines are exactly similar genetically except for the fact that they differ only in the content of cytoplasm. A-line / CMS line possesses sterility including cytoplasm, whereas the B-line/Maintainer line has normal cytoplasm hence B-line is self-fertile. R-line / Restorer line possess fertility restoring genes in the dominant condition thus they are self-fertile.

In CMS seed multiplication, the crossing takes place between the A-line and B-line. Since both possess fertility genes in recessive conditions and cytoplasm contributed by a line is the sterility including one, the resultant progeny is sterile i.e., it is nothing but the A-line. Production of hybrid seeds occurs between the A-line and R-line. Since the R-line contains fertility restoring gene in the dominant homozygous condition the resulting F₁ fertile seed will be used for commercial seed production (Figure 1).

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Figure 1. Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS) system.

1.2.2. The Parent and Steps Involved in CGMS or Three-line Systems

a) A-line: The CMS line cannot produce viable pollen grains resulting from an interaction between the cytoplasmic and nuclear genes. It is used as a female parent in the production of hybrid seeds. So, multiplication of the A-line population can be made by crossing with the B-line (maintainer line) which is the sister line of the A-line containing the ability to produce viable pollens. The B-line is isogenic having homozygous recessive genes for fertility restoration. Then F₁ progeny of A x B crosses will be male sterile production (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Seeds of A line is produced by making a cross with the B line.

(i). Desirable Characteristics of the CMS Line

1) Male sterility of CMS lines should not be affected by environmental conditions such as temperature and photoperiod, The plants with spikelet’s should be 100% sterile.

2) Acceptable quality of grain

3) Resistance to disease as well as insect pests

4) Good general and specific combining abilities

5) Good panicle exertion

6) High number of spikelets per panicle

7) Longer heading duration

8) Wider and longer duration of opening of glumes

9) Larger and feathery stigma with greater exertion

10) Longer stigma receptivity

11) Longer pistil length and large stigmatic area

12) Shrivelled and white anthers

b) B-line: It is isogenic to the A-line and used as a pollen parent to maintain male sterility in the A-line. As the B-line is male fertile, the population can be raised or multiplied by self-pollination in isolation using physical, time, and distance at least 5 meters away from any variety (Figure 3).

(ii). Desirable Characters of B-line

1) Multiple resistance to disease and insect pests

2) Good panicle exertion

3) High number of spikelets per panicle

4) Longer heading duration

5) Wider and longer duration of opening of glumes

6) Longer pollen viability period

7) Plumy and yellow anthers

8) A high amount of residual pollen

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Figure 3. Seeds of the B line are produced by self-pollination.

c) R-line: The R-line is called the restorer or pollinator line which restores the fertility of the A-line. R-line has the nuclear homozygous dominant gene that suppresses cytoplasmic male sterility of A-line. The population of the R-line can be raised by self-pollination as that of the B-line. Proper isolation (Physical, time, and distance around 5 meters away from any variety of rice) should be maintained for its seed production (Figure 4).

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Figure 4. Seeds of the R line are produced by self-pollination.

(iii). Desirable Characteristics of R-line

1) Strong and stable fertility restoration for different CMS lines

2) Good general and specific combining ability

3) Erect plant type with short flag leaf

4) Profuse tillering ability

5) Multiple resistance to major pests and diseases

6) Desirable gain characters

7) Complete exertion of the panicle

8) Big size, long and broad anthers

9) Long filament

10) Good amount of pollen grains per anther

11) High amount of residual pollen

12) Longer pollen viability schedule

The present research work was carried out to investigate the better hybrid rice varieties from the 60 varieties of hybrid rice compared with 6 numbers of control or check hybrid rice through assessment of different morphological characters during the Rabi season in 2021 to 2022.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Site

The field Trial was carried out in the Regional Research Station, Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Barrackpore (22º 45’ 36” N, 88º22’ 12” E and 7 meters above MSL=Mean Sea Level), 24 Parganas (North), West Bengal, India during the Ravi seasons from November 2021 to May 2022. An Experimental site was in a dry rain region with a subtropical environment in a wet summer.

2.2. Weather Condition

The overall meteorological weather of the Regional Research Station is as follows,

1) Daily main temperature ranges from 28º - 32º C during seed production.

2) Relative Humidity (RH) varies from 60% to 70%.

3) Night and Day time temperature variation is 5º to 8º C.

4) Optimum wind velocity 10 km h-1.

5) Annual precipitation is 1250 mm to 1500 mm

2.3. The Following Procedures Are Used for the Production of Test Cross-hybrids

Step 1: A-line and B-line were grown (Table 1, 2) separately in the presence of standard agronomic practices (Figure 5a-b). In our experiment, we used a total 6 numbers of cytoplasmic male sterile lines for the development of test cross hybrids.

Table 1. Maintenance / Multiplication of Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (CMS) line under field condition (100 Sqm. area).

Sl. No.	CMS Lines	Cross Combinations	Date of Sowing	Date of Transplanting	Date of Flowering (50%)	Plot yield (Kg)	Yield (Q. ha^-1)
1	NP 1A	NP1A x NP 1B	13.12.21/14.12.21	24.01.22/25.01.22	21.04.22/22.04.22	10.200/27.450	10.20/27.45
2	NP 5A	NP 5A x NP 5B	13.12.21/14.12.21	24.01.22/25.01.22	12.04.22/13.04.22	17.415/26.250	17.41/26.25
3	NP 7A	NP7A x NP 7B	13.12.21/14.12.21	24.01.22/25.01.22	03.04.22/04.04.22	22.050/28.600	22.05/28.60
4	NP BA	NP BA x NP BB	13.12.21/14.12.21	24.01.22/25.01.22	17.04.22/18.04.22	20.040/31.300	20.04/31.30
5	NP GA	NPGA x NP GB	13.12.21/14.12.21	24.01.22/25.01.22	13.04.22/14.04.22	19.110/25.910	19.11/25.91
6	NP SPA	NPSPA x NPSPB	13.12.21/14.12.21	24.01.22/25.01.22	10.04.22/11.04.22	24.750/30.900	24.75/30.90

There were 6 maintainers i.e., B-line used to maintain A-line.

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Figure 5. (a, b) Maintenance of the CMS or A-line and B-line. (c) Clipping of spikelets (1/3) of the CMS line to enhance the possibility of a higher seed set. (d) All panicles of the CMS line were covered with butter paper and labelled properly. (e) All selected R-lines were collected and kept in the glass bottles. (f, g) Panicles of both A-line and R-line were kept separately under artificial light before pollination. (h) CMS line in the net house during the seed setting. (i) Panicles collected from CMS lines just after 21 days of pollination for F1 hybrid seeds. (j) Nursery beds showing seedlings of test cross hybrids. (k) Spacing of A and R lines in the main field, (l) Clipping of the flag leaf of CMS line to remove the physical obstruction of pollen dispersal. (m). Spraying of GA3 on the CMS lines to enhance the production of rice hybrid seeds. (n) Shaking the maintainer line (R) for uniform pollen dispersal on the CMS line for large-scale production, o. Hybrid seed production plot.

Table 2. Maintenance/Multiplication of Maintainer Lines (B) under field condition (100 Sqm. area).

Sl. No.	B Lines	Date of Sowing	Date of Transplanting	Date of Flowering (50%)	Plot yield (Kg)	Yield (ton ha^-1)
1	NP 1B	14.12.21	25.01.22	22.04.22	54.650	5.40
2	NP 5B	14.12.21	25.01.22	13.04.22	52.540	5.18
3	NP 7B	14.12.21	25.01.22	04.04.22	56.400	5.55
4	NP BB	14.12.21	25.01.22	18.04.22	62.150	6.11
5	NP GB	14.12.21	25.01.22	14.04.22	50.850	5.00
6	NP SPB	14.12.21	25.01.22	11.04.22	60.710	5.97

Step 2: CMS lines were collected from the field in the earthen pots. Clipping (Figure 5c) of the 1/3^rd part of the spikelet’s was done in the afternoon which was then followed by spraying of GA₃. All panicles of the CMS line were covered with butter paper and labelled properly (Figure 5d).

Step 3: On the next day around 8: 00 AM, all panicles of the selected R-lines were collected in the glass bottles (Figure 5e). We utilized 36 superior or promising restorer lines within 15 days to develop 60 test cross hybrids in combination with the 6 numbers mentioned above the CMS line.

Table 3. Maintenance/Multiplication of Restorer lines (R) under Field condition (25 Sq. m area).

Sl. No.	R-lines	Date of Sowing	Date of Transplanting	Date of Flowering (50%))	Plot yield (Kg)	Yield (ton ha^-1)
1	NP 87-10R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	03.04.22	20.110	7.91
2	NP 72-10R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	04.04.22	19.650	7.73
3	NP 35-3R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	05.04.22	20.310	8.00
4	NP 31-4R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	06.04.22	18.560	7.30
5	NP 90-6R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	04.04.22	16.350	6.44
6	NP 31-12-2R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	04.04.22	18.750	7.38
7	NPSP 2R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	09.04.22	19.250	7.60
8	NP 1902R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	04.04.22	15.340	6.04
9	NP 89-7R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	04.04.22	17.260	6.80
10	NP 1925R	26.11.2021	13.01.2022	09.04.22	21.115	8.31

Step 4: Panicles of the A-line (Figure 5f) and R-line (Figure 5g) were kept separately under artificial light before pollination.

Step 5: Each selected CMS plant in the earthen pot was pollinated by selected panicles of the R line in the isolation room followed by bagging properly. In this way a total number of 60 hybrids were produced in 15 days and just after 21 days of pollination all panicles were collected from the CMS line for the F₁ hybrid seed production (Figure 5h-i).

2.4. Treatments

The experiment comprised of 60 treatments such as T₁= TCH-8, T₂= NPHK-24, T₃= TCH-77, T₄=TCH-96, T₅=TCH-10, T₆= TCH-19, T₇= SPRH-2, T₈= TCH-4, T₉= TCH-26, T₁₀= NPHK-27, T₁₁= NPHK-10, T₁₂= NPHK-4, T₁₃= NPHK-28, T₁₄= NPHK-7, T₁₅= NPHK-26, T₁₆= TCH-24, T₁₇= TCH-16, T₁₈= TCH-79, T₁₉= TCH-100, T₂₀= TCH-91, T₂₁= TCH-33, T₂₂= TCH-34, T₂₃= TCH-89, T₂₄= TCH-49, T₂₅= TCH-85, T₂₆= TCH-101, T₂₇= NPHK-3, T₂₈= TCH-30, T₂₉= TCH-13, T₃₀= TCH-110, T₃₁= NPHK-29, T₃₂= TCH-56, T₃₃= TCH-92, T₃₄= TCH-58, T₃₅= TCH-70, T₃₆= TCH-90, T₃₇=TCH-35, T₃₈= TCH-71, T₃₉= TCH-45, T₄₀= TCH-54, T₄₁= TCH-99, T₄₂= TCH-32, T₄₃= TCH-66, T₄₄= TCH-62, T₄₅= TCH-61, T₄₆= TCH-40, T₄₇= TCH-31, T₄₈= TCH-47, T₄₉= TCH-97, T₅₀= NPHK-17, T₅₁= TCH-44, T₅₂= NPHK-18, T₅₃= TCH-38, T₅₄= TCH-94, T₅₅= TCH-106, T₅₆=TCH-42, T₅₇= NPHK-14, T₅₈= NPHK-2, T₅₉= NPHK-8, and T₆₀=TCH-86 belong to different hybrid varieties of rice and 6 Nos. of check or control treatments such as T₆₁=PAN 802 (C-3), T₆₂= PA-6444 (C-6), T₆₃= K-468 (C-5), T₆₄=PA6129 (C-2), T₆₅=Champion (C-1) and T₆₆=MC-13 (C-7)) varieties of hybrid rice were used.

2.5. Evaluation of Hybrid Rice with Check or Control Hybrids in the Field

2.5.1. The Following Steps Are Used for the Evaluation

Step 1: Seedlings of the 60 hybrids (Figure 5j) and 6 check hybrids are raised in the nursery beds.

Step 2: Standard agronomic practices are used for land preparation.

Step 3: Transplant the seedlings in the field at 20 x 15 cm spacing with check hybrids. The length of the lines was 5 meters. No. of replication was 4 and plot size 10 Sqm.

Step 4: F₁ hybrids were grown in the field and during the growing time it was protected from any pest.

Step 5: Data collection: The Agro morphological traits such as Plant height (cm.), Days to flowering (50% DFF), Number of Ear Bearing Tiller (EBT), Panicle length (cm.), Field Grain panicle^-1 (No.), Chaffs panicle^-1 (No.), Grain types, Plant yield (gm), 1000 grains weight (gm), Plot yield (kg.) and Yield (ton ha^-1) were collected from the experimental field station at Barrackpore.

Table 4. List of check hybrids with sources.

Sl. No.	Name of the check Hybrids	Source
1	T₆₁=PAN 802 (C-3)	PAN Seeds Ltd.
2	T₆₂= PA-6444 (C-6)	Pioneer Hybrid International
3	T₆₃= K-468 (C-5)	Kaveri Seeds Company Ltd.
4	T₆₄=PA6129 (C-2)	Pioneer Hybrid International
5	T₆₅= Champion (C-1)	Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd.
6	T₆₆=MC-13 (C-7)	Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Pvt. Ltd.

2.5.2. Selection of Field

The selected field was not used in the previous year's paddy crop production. Our field experiment possessed good fertility with controlled irrigation and proper drainage facilities to enhance the commercial production of hybrid seeds.

(i). Preparation of Nursery Bed

The soil of the experimental field was prepared by repeatedly ploughing and cross ploughings in both directions. The nursery bed was flooded with water, puddled, and left as such for ten days for the decomposition of unwanted weeds. The prepared bed was 6.0 metres in length and 1.0 metres in breadth.

(ii). Seed Rate

The 15 kg ha ^-1 seeds were used for the female parent or A-line as 5kg ha ^-1 for the male parent i.e., R-line.

(iii). Manuring Nursery Bed

The healthy and strong growth of seedlings with 1 to 3 tillers is essential for transplantation in the experimental field. To get a healthy seedling around 50gm of DAP and 25gm of urea were applied in each 1 square metre seedbed area (Figure 5j).

2.5.3. Layout for Transplanting

There are many commonly used transplanting layouts for hybrid rice seed production, but we used a 2:8 male (R): female (A) row ratio for hybrid seed production in our experiment. Keep in mind that planting of seed and pollen parent rows always should be in the direction across the prevailing wind and supplementary pollination may be made with a rope or stick when velocity is below 2.5 metres second^-1. In our study area, the available wind was from South to North direction. So, in both lines directions of A and R were east to west. The R-line was transplanted with the spacing of 20 cm from plant to plant 30 cm from one row of restore to another and 30 cm from the A-line. A-line was transplanted with the spacing of 15 x 15 cm one seedling/hill of the A-line and two seedlings/hill of the B-lines and R-lines were transplanted (Figure 5k).

(i). Layout

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Figure 6. Male: Female = 2: 8, Hybrid rice seed production row ratio and spacing of A and R-lines in the main field.

(ii). Conditions

Space between two R-lines: 30 cm.

Space between two plants in R-line: 20 cm.

Space between two A-lines: 15 cm.

Space between two plants in A-line: 15 cm.

(iii). Roughing

Roughing was done three times at the maximum tillering stage. Any plant outside the row, which was considerably shorter and taller than the real seed with the pollen parent was removed. Those were off types regarding size, shape, leaf blade, the colour of the sheath, and leaf colour also removed.

At the heading stage, all plants that headed very early and off-types concerning leaf angle, body size, panicle size, and shape were removed. In the male sterile line, plants with plumy anther yellow in colour and those that shed viable pollen were removed. Even those plants that show fully exerted panicle were removed from the seed production plots.

The plants with normal seed sets were rogued out from A-line rows before the harvesting schedule and off-type plants having different shapes of grains or the presence/absence of awns on spikelets were also rouged out.

(iv). Synchronization of Heading

The yield of hybrid seeds depends on the degree of synchronization in the heading (flowering) of the CMS female flower and pollinator parents’ flower (R-line). To lengthen the duration of the pollen supply around 5-7 days intervals, the male parent (R-line) is seeded twice, called staggered seed sowing.

1) Prediction and adjustment of Heading date

Harmony of flowering may not be attained eventually due to variations in field management and temperature. Therefore, it is most important to predict the heading date so that necessary precautions are taken to adjust it by examining the primordial initiation of the panicle.

2) Prediction of heading date

In all rice cultivars, the maximum tillering stage begins at the panicle initiation, by which the heading date can be predicted. Heading usually takes place after 30 days of panicle initiation. The magnifying glass is used to check the growth of panicle primordium i.e., the young panicle. The longest-growing tiller joining part of the culm and root junction is used for the panicle initiation. The culm was split openly longitudinally from the lower part up to the top of the tiller. The incision was opened immediately at the above of the nodal portion. With the help of a magnifying lens, a newly developed panicle can be seen.

Table 5. Different development stages from panicle initiation to the heading.

Sl. No.	Designation of development stages	Days before heading	Panicle length (mm) (Approx.)
1	Panicle Primordium	30	0.2
2	Primary branch primordium	27	0.4
3	Secondary branch primordium	24	1.5
4	Stamen and Pistil primordium	20	2.0
5	Pollen mother cell	17	10-25
6	Meiotic division	12	80
7	Mature pollen	6	190-250
8	The ripening stage of pollen	4	260
9	Completed spikelet	21	270

3) Determining heading date from panicle development

To get complete flowering synchronization, the male parent needed to be one stage earlier than the female parent at the time of panicle development stages I, II, and III. During the middle stages i.e., IV, V, VI, VII both parent lines were in the same stages. During the last three stages of panicle development i.e., VIII, IX, and X the female parent was earlier than the male parent.

4) Adjustment of the heading date of parental lines

It was observed that the synchronization of the flowering not be achieved during the early stages of panicle development, during the first three stages, the parent plant which is developing faster should be applied with quick releasing N fertilizer, and the parent plant with delayed development, should be sprayed 2% solution of di-ammonium phosphate {(NH₄)₂HPO₄} as a resulting adjustment in synchronization difference may be led to 4-5 days.

If the above condition persists during the later stages of panicle development, another way drainage or irrigation can help to adjust the differences of 3-4 days. The A-lines are less sensitive to water in comparison to the R-line. Suppose the R-line develops earlier; the development of the panicle can be delayed by draining out water from the field. Another way is if the R-line is observed to be late, faster growth development of the panicle can be facilitated by higher standing water.

If both parental lines differ in heading period by more than 10 days, then removal of the panicles from the main tiller of the early developing parent is necessary. In addition, Nitrogen fertilizer and spraying 2% urea can make unproductive late tiller bear productive panicle and thus show synchronous flowering. Advancement of the heading date of the late flowering parent can be done by spraying the 1% solution of the phosphatic fertilizer immediately after the observation of the panicle development stage in the late flowering parent plants. It can be adjusted by allowing standing water to persist in the field. All the methods of synchronization are used for the production of hybrid rice.

2.5.4. Promoting Outcrossing in the Seed Production Plot

The following processes are required.

(i). Clipping of the Flag Leaf

The flag leaves taller than panicles became the main obstacles to outcrossing and therefore, was removed. Clipping of the flag leaf enhances uniform pollen movement and widespread dispersal of the pollen grains resulting in a higher seed set.

These leaves were clipped when the primary tiller was at the booting stage. More than half of the blades of flag leaves were cut back from the top (Figure 5l).

Flag leaf clipping is not recommended in plots infected with bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak, or sheath blight disease. The cut leaves may infect other plants or the infection may spread by contaminated tool used for flag leaf clipping. In this situation, where there is already infection in the seed production plot, the flag leaf clipping of the healthy plants in the plots is done first followed by leaf clipping of the infected area.

(ii). Application of Gibberellin (GA₃)

Gibberellin (GA₃) plays a vital role in the production of hybrid seeds of rice. Some of the major advantages of GA₃applications are as follows:

In the seed parent, its application enhances panicle exertion from the flag leaf, increases the duration of spikelet opening increases the rate of stigma exertion, and lengthens the duration of stigma receptivity.

To bear panicles, the growth rate of secondary and tertiary tillers was to be increased.

Timing of application: Two sprays were done. 1^st spray of the GA₃ was done when 15-20% of the tillers had started their heading. Just after two days of the 1^st spraying, the next spraying of GA₃ was conducted in the afternoon on a sunny day. At the rate of 150-180 gm ha^-1 with the help of a knapsack sprayer was used but now a days to reduce the cost of GA₃ the Ultra Low Volume (ULV) sprayer is used at the rate of 25 gm ha^-1. In our experiment first dose, we applied GA₃ (90 gm ha^-1) at the 5% heading stage (Figure 5m) whereas 2^nd dose was used after the gap of 48 hours from the 1^st dose.

(iii). Supplementary Pollination

The pollen parent’s (R-line) canopy is shaken artificially with the help of a long stick (Figure 5n) at the heading for increasing outcrossing called supplementary pollination. It helps uniform dispersion of all pollen on the top of the stigma of the second parent (A-line). Mostly it was carried out in the morning around 9.30 to 11.30 AM because the CMS line started maximum heading. The plant canopy was stirred at 30-minute intervals till all bloomed spikelet’s in the pollen parents (A-line) were closed, the exerted stigma still had receptivity to pollen so it was continued even after the closing of the seed parent.

2.5.5. Harvesting

The R-line was harvested first followed by the A-line. All harvested A and R-line seeds were kept separately from each other during subsequent threshing, proper drying (around 12% moisture content), and bagging operations (Figure 5o).

(i). Design

The Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications was used for the measuring development of superior hybrids.

(ii). Statistical Analysis

A statistical tool mean ± standard error (SEM) was used for the expression of the different Agro morphological experimental data. Gomez K. A. & Gomez A. A.

[11]

to observe the significant difference among the different hybrid rice varieties. Employing the F-test a two-way ANOVA was performed for the significance test at the level of p=0.05 (5%).

3. Result

3.1. Result of Mean Performance of Rice Traits

The experiment was carried out for the development of better hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from 60 hybrids as compared with different 6 check hybrids (Table 6) in Rabi seasons (2021-2022) through the process of diverse morphological characters.

3.1.1. Plant Height

Statistical analysis of variance noticed a highly significance difference (p < 0.05) in the hybrid plant's height between the 66 treatments including check treatments. We observed the overall mean of the 66 hybrids was 112.19 ± 1.56 cm. Hybrid plant height was maximum in T₅₈=NPHK-2 (125.38 ± 2.60 cm) and minimum in T₁₅=NPHK-26 (96.45 ±7.61 cm) compared with control hybrid treatments from T₆₁ to T₆₆ was observed (Figure 7 and Table 7).

3.1.2 EBT (No. of Ear Bearing Tiller)

There was significant (p < 0.05) Ear Bearing Tiller No. difference found in the 60 No. of treatments compared with control or check of 6 Nos of hybrids. EBT No. was higher in T₁₃=NPHK-28 (16.83±7.48) hybrid than that in all-check hybrids from T₆₁ to T₆₆ treatments (Table 7).

Table 6. Treatment details for the Experiment in the Rabi season.

Treatment with the name of Hybrid	Cross combinations/ Parentage	Treatment with the name of Hybrid	Cross combinations/ Parentage
T₁= TCH-8	NP 7A x NP 87-10R	T₃₄= TCH-58	NP 1A x NP 76-8
T₂= NPHK-24	NP 7A x NP 72-10R	T₃₅= TCH-70	NP BA x NP 31-10R
T₃= TCH-77	NP BA x NP 35-3R	T₃₆= TCH-90	NP BA x NP 72-6-2R
T₄=TCH-96	NP BA x NP 31-4R	T₃₇=TCH-35	NP 1A x NP 31-4R
T₅=TCH-10	NP 7A x NP 90-6R	T₃₈= TCH-71	NP BA x NP 90-6R
T₆= TCH-19	NP 5A x NP 31-12-2R	T₃₉= TCH-45	NP 1A x NP 31-5R
T₇= SPRH-2	NP SA x NPSP 2R	T₄₀= TCH-54	NP 1A x NP 75-5R
T₈= TCH-4	NP 7A x NP 89-7R	T₄₁= TCH-99	NP 5A x NP 27R
T₉= TCH-26	NP 5A x NP 35-3R	T₄₂= TCH-32	NP 5A x NP 45-5R
T₁₀= NPHK-27	NP 7A x NP 31-11R	T₄₃= TCH-66	NP BA x NP 40-4R
T₁₁= NPHK-10	NP 5A x NP 1933R	T₄₄= TCH-62	NP 1A x NP 89-7R
T₁₂= NPHK-4	NP 5A x NP 40-5R	T₄₅= TCH-61	NP 1A x NP 87-4R
T₁₃= NPHK-28	NP 7A x NP 1902R	T₄₆= TCH-40	NP 1A x NP 38-1R
T₁₄= NPHK-7	NP 5A x NP 31-5R	T₄₇= TCH-31	NP 5A x NP 90-6
T₁₅= NPHK-26	NP 7A x NP 40-5R	T₄₈= TCH-47	NP 1A x NP 31-14-1R
T₁₆= TCH-24	NP 5A x NP 40-4R	T₄₉= TCH-97	NP BA x NP 75-5R
T₁₇= TCH-16	NP 5A x NP 72-6-2R	T₅₀= NPHK-17	NP 1A x NP 1925R
T₁₈= TCH-79	NP BA x NP 31-14-1R	T₅₁= TCH-44	NP 1A x NP 72-6-2R
T₁₉= TCH-100	NP 5A x NP BLUR	T₅₂= NPHK-18	NP 1A x NP 72-10R
T₂₀= TCH-91	NP BA x NP 88-4R	T₅₃= TCH-38	NP 1A x NP 72-3
T₂₁= TCH-33	NP 5A x NP 87-10R	T₅₄= TCH-94	NP BA x NP 19-3R
T₂₂= TCH-34	NP 5A x NP 87-4R	T₅₅= TCH-106	NP GA x NP 75-4R
T₂₃= TCH-89	NP BA x NP 87-3R	T₅₆=TCH-42	NP 1A x NP 40-3R
T₂₄= TCH-49	NP 1A x NP 90-10R	T₅₇= NPHK-14	NP 1A x NP 1917R
T₂₅= TCH-85	NP BA x NP 1917R	T₅₈= NPHK-2	NP 5A x NP 72-10R
T₂₆= TCH-101	NP GA x NP 72-3R	T₅₉= NPHK-8	NP 5A x NP 31-7R
T₂₇= NPHK-3	NP 5A x NP 19-5R	T₆₀=TCH-86	NP BA x NP 31-14-2R
T₂₈= TCH-30	NP 5A x NP 87-3R	T₆₁=PAN 802 (C-3)	Control
T₂₉= TCH-13	NP 5A x NP 31-4R	T₆₂= PA-6444 (C-6)	Control
T₃₀= TCH-110	NP GA x NP 72-6-2R	T₆₃= K-468 (C-5)	Control
T₃₁= NPHK-29	NP 5A x NP 27R	T₆₄=PA6129 (C-2)	Control
T₃₂= TCH-56	NP 1A x NP 40-4R	T₆₅= Champion (C-1)	Control
T₃₃= TCH-92	NP BA x NP 75-4R	T₆₆=MC-13 (C-7)	Control

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Figure 7. Height (cm) of the 66 hybrids (T1-T66) rice cultivars grown in the Regional Research Station of Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India.

Table 7. Analysis of various traits (11 Nos.) among 66 hybrids Mean ± SE & ANOVA in all hybrids of rice.

Treatment and Name of Rice hybrids	DFF (Days)	Plant height (cm)	EBT (No.)	Panicle length (cm)	Grains/Panicle (No.)	Chaffs/panicle (No.)	Grain type	Plant yield (gm)	1000 grains weight (gm)	Plot yield (Kg)	Yield (Ton /ha)	Remarks
T₁= TCH-8	118	108.13± 11.48	13.40±4.52	24.53± 2.20	176.00 ± 39.54	63.53± 8.59	MB	45.56± 5.40	18.55±0.9	7.196±0.91	7.08±0.65
T₂= NPHK-24	117	107.60± 3.47	12.33±2.42	25.28± 1.83	109.00± 17.06	69.55± 13.36	LS	32.45± 10.23	24.80±0.61	8.090±0.49	7.96±0.54
T₃= TCH-77	121	107.13± 4.67	12.08±1.18	23.93± 0.30	130.21± 39.9	24.30± 5.02	MB	43.81± 3.13	23.53±0.45	7.836±0.45	7.71±0.56
T₄=TCH-96	124	105.68± 4.88	13.04± 2.39	24.55± 0.93	110.85± 19.54	27.40± 4.09	MB	49.50± 9.92	25.30±0.54	7.972±0.55	7.84±0.67
T₅=TCH-10	120	107.23± 7.8	14.00± 1.95	24.88± 0.87	156.43± 29.89	84.75± 16.53	MB	49.64± 10.90	23.33±0.45	7.916±0.65	7.80±0.49
T₆= TCH-19	125	121.45± 13.64	11.03± 2.64	27.33± 0.46	171.19± 32.9	47.21± 4.10	MB	40.03±14.74	23.08±0.48	8.352±0.61	8.22±0.43
T₇= SPRH-2	124	99.23± 2.97	13.08± 1.81	24.55± 1.04	182.75± 27.88	17.75± 9.87	LS	50.23±50.23	22.45±0.58	7.944±0.78	7.81±0.34
T₈= TCH-4	120	103.55± 1.89	12.90± 2.59	24.85± 0.43	151.13± 11.67	49.9± 19.57	MB	45.63±7.68	24.68±0.60	7.228±0.45	7.11±0.35
T₉= TCH-26	121	113.83± 3.26	11.68± 1.67	25.90± 1.01	156.63± 3.03	38.83± 2.51	MB	44.24±8.04	26.23±0.49	8.000±0.63	7.88±0.45
T₁₀= NPHK-27	118	105.05± 3.77	13.13± 2.37	24.70± 1.60	170.47± 51.18	44.45± 11.01	MB	37.78±8.78	20.20±0.61	7.475±0.45	7.36±0.60
T₁₁= NPHK-10	125	113.13± 3.50	10.33± 3.96	28.28± 1.41	158.33± 14.45	45.20± 8.51	MB	32.95±12.31	23.45±0.43	8.628±0.56	8.50±0.45
T₁₂= NPHK-4	125	112.78± 6.60	13.00± 3.68	27.18± 1.58	160.10± 21.14	63.65± 18.26	LS	40.93±5.04	23.23±0.34	8.665±0.56	8.52±0.42
T₁₃= NPHK-28	119	113.13± 4.13	16.83± 7.48	23.89± 2.21	124.30± 26.31	61.63± 6.03	MB	41.86±23.68	21.68±1.34	7.950±0.75	7.82±0.38
T₁₄= NPHK-7	125	115.65± 2.21	14.35±2.37	26.75± 2.29	140.58± 15.11	55.55± 17.49	LS	27.45±16.92	21.33±0.48	8.273±0.59	8.14±0.43
T₁₅= NPHK-26	118	96.45± 7.61	11.95± 8.80	25.11± 1.35	134.46± 18.41	59.14± 14.44	LS	40.41±35.76	24.95±0.68	8.098±0.29	8.00±0.65
T₁₆= TCH-24	125	124.08± 5.83	12.93±1.51	28.04± 0.77	165.43± 21.99	40.73± 8.22	LS	43.43±3.84	24.68±0.61	7.964±0.69	7.83±0.62
T₁₇= TCH-16	125	109.95± 8.08	13.15± 5.65	26.24± 0.21	170.98± 22.38	63.03± 15.65	MB	47.99±19.89	21.43±0.52	7.464±0.67	7.34±0.56
T₁₈= TCH-79	126	111.35± 7.07	13.28± 3.34	26.13± 0.98	157.97± 10.66	60.28± 3.95	MB	42.57±8.85	22.25±0.61	8.624±0.56	8.49±0.45
T₁₉= TCH-100	128	110.9± 5.25	10.7± 2.01	27.95± 1.53	164.78± 41.61	87.95± 40.25	MB	43.96±9.96	26.28±0.48	7.248±0.49	7.13±0.68
T₂₀= TCH-91	125	110.48± 4.87	14.95± 1.60	27.00± 0.61	138.25± 13.65	30.80± 11.03	MB	51.78±14.18	27.70±0.49	7.268±0.65	7.15±0.49
T₂₁= TCH-33	124	111.88± 2.44	13.25± 2.11	27.30± 0.18	158.03± 33.65	70.46± 12.49	MB	49.92±11.54	23.38±0.41	6.720±0.56	6.61±0.56
T₂₂= TCH-34	125	119.63± 4.21	10.35± 0.80	28.05± 1.76	186.58± 19.97	85.20± 24.57	MB	41.48±6.29	23.25±0.53	6.964±0.48	6.85±0.76
T₂₃= TCH-89	129	108.10± 1.92	10.18± 2.13	26.00± 1.06	168.28± 21.77	47.85± 6.44	MB	40.03±10.66	26.28±0.45	7.768±0.56	7.64±0.49
T₂₄= TCH-49	126	112.70± 3.89	11.78± 3.16	27.10± 0.67	159.28± 30.43	67.83± 13.06	LS	48.07±10.83	21.43±0.47	7.748±0.56	7.62±0.67
T₂₅= TCH-85	129	108.40± 3.49	8.95± 1.77	26.65± 1.09	203.43± 56.53	47.15± 17.40	MB	37.76±12.88	23.98±0.24	7.740±0.76	7.61±0.71
T₂₆= TCH-101	128	116.38± 2.56	13.28± 2.23	26.68± 1.61	171.73± 61.93	43.73± 12.83	MB	47.74±5.02	20.33±0.38	7.396±0.47	7.20±0.81
T₂₇= NPHK-3	130	115.63± 6.10	15.20± 2.01	27.18± 0.41	109.10± 6.77	60.50± 14.16	MB	40.11±5.76	23.45±0.47	8.660±0.76	8.52±0.59
T₂₈= TCH-30	123	109.23± 2.78	13.63± 2.96	28.78± 1.92	147.20± 36.44	71.33± 15.22	MB	37.95±6.34	22.30±1.22	7.796±0.89	7.70±0.71
T₂₉= TCH-13	124	116.80± 2.77	11.65± 1.98	28.68± 1.05	139.18± 17.01	43.43± 11.19	LS	36.99± 5.91	24.45±0.58	7.760±0.76	7.63±0.67
T₃₀= TCH-110	128	116.73± 3.01	9.90± 1.33	26.63± 0.085	206.85± 35.35	54.35± 9.58	MB	43.71±12.05	21.53±0.48	7.716±0.56	7.60±0.56
T₃₁= NPHK-29	128	110.63± 2.26	13.95± 3.98	26.38± 1.09	121.18± 26.67	69.75± 17.92	LB	39.28±9.76	24.33±0.66	8.252±0.45	8.12±0.59
T₃₂= TCH-56	129	119.55± 3.34	16.28±3.28	26.08± 0.45	162.65± 45.65	28.78± 2.43	LS	46.89±13.75	15.63±0.47	7.408±0.56	7.30±0.60
T₃₃= TCH-92	129	110.48± 8.22	12.88± 1.28	26.04± 1.66	129.23± 18.58	32.17± 4.98	MB	43.97±8.38	29.18±0.90	7.876±0.76	7.75±0.39
T₃₄= TCH-58	125	118.50± 3.31	13.33± 5.53	27.36± 1.94	165.05± 22.71	70.19± 31.18	MB	41.21±13.60	18.65±0.58	8.704±0.63	8.57±0.56
T₃₅= TCH-70	129	106.68± 3.85	14.15± 2.90	26.30± 0.37	159.34± 3.77	49.02± 10.49	MB	42.27±10.61	20.43±0.59	7.916±0.86	7.80±0.49
T₃₆= TCH-90	129	114.50± 1.04	9.08± 2.61	26.65± 0.61	175.85± 21.26	39.30± 8.53	MB	37.90±8.37	25.35±0.36	8.068±0.49	7.94±0.61
T₃₇=TCH-35	125	113.63± 1.72	11.68± 3.23	26.75± 0.53	175.83± 7.85	40.75± 7.75	LS	37.64±9.30	21.35±0.62	7.784±0.54	7.70±0.57
T₃₈= TCH-71	128	112.55± 5.69	11.83± 1.41	25.45± 1.36	137.93± 47.34	64.85± 33.10	MB	40.69±9.03	25.13±0.56	8.040±0.49	7.91±0.99
T₃₉= TCH-45	125	105.90± 1.4	12.98± 2.26	27.30± 0.19	123.83± 11.50	19.75± 4.95	MB	42.93±12.42	25.43±0.59	8.620±0.56	8.50±0.67
T₄₀= TCH-54	132	116.38± 3.01	14.25± 3.49	29.50± 1.05	110.20± 3.25	38.40± 2.05	LS	46.84±16.77	20.08±0.92	7.584±0.67	7.46±0.49
T₄₁= TCH-99	128	109.70± 2.75	12.98± 3.50	27.03± 0.99	132.03± 30.29	73.53± 10.14	LB	41.51±5.41	24.60±0.46	7.828±0.56	7.70±0.78
T₄₂= TCH-32	123	105.40± 3.38	13.28± 0.90	26.00± 1.29	128.35± 15.98	79.95± 22.68	LS	36.23±4.99	22.40±0.61	6.628±0.67	6.52±0.38
T₄₃= TCH-66	128	112.33± 1.97	13.95± 0.86	24.47± 0.78	171.14± 26.94	17.90± 6.68	MB	44.29±4.99	16.38±0.34	7.520±0.56	8.39±0.49
T₄₄= TCH-62	128	107.30± 2.99	12.35± 2.30	26.87± 0.72	197.99± 11.21	50.80± 8.45	MB	45.99±7.75	21.10±0.54	8.520±0.67	8.39±0.8
T₄₅= TCH-61	128	110.88± 3.05	9.00± 1.22	27.78± 0.21	145.45± 14.50	58.30± 6.86	MB	34.86±4.94	22.45±0.64	8.408±0.72	8.28±0.64
T₄₆= TCH-40	126	109.95± 2.22	13.68± 2.7	29.35± 0.96	157.33± 22.18	63.18± 17.10	LS	48.93±10.38	23.03±0.31	7.840±0.39	7.71±0.56
T₄₇= TCH-31	126	117.38± 5.53	10.63± 3.44	27.35± 0.47	219.53± 72.07	82.58± 21.07	MB	42.57±12.19	22.22±0.34	7.168±0.68	7.05±0.57
T₄₈= TCH-47	126	111.70± 4.84	11.73± 0.66	26.98± 0.40	111.63± 6.85	60.65± 6.23	LS	29.34±4.98	25.25±0.61	8.364±0.64	8.23±0.56
T₄₉= TCH-97	129	113.45± 3.45	12.63± 3.73	26.16± 1.53	113.01± 18.26	28.83± 7.90	MB	41.76±13.29	31.85±0.58	10.56±0.61	10.4±1.22	Promising
T₅₀= NPHK-17	124	110.70± 4.14	15.18± 3.40	25.58± 0.84	166.53± 20.16	30.78± 2.83	MB	43.48±9.32	19.35±0.46	10.07±0.99	9.91±1.01	Promising
T₅₁= TCH-44	126	113.18± 3.47	12.98± 3.25	26.85± 0.70	219.73± 11.95	56.73± 7.53	MB	47.93±13.84	17.25±0.36	9.640±0.96	9.49±1.12	Promising
T₅₂= NPHK-18	129	124.85± 5.51	14.68± 2.06	27.17± 0.71	135.16± 12.07	52.13± 18.33	LS	49.16±14.08	25.30±0.46	9.457±0.56	9.30±1.10	Promising
T₅₃= TCH-38	129	117.25± 4.04	15.63± 5.95	26.24± 0.67	146.62± 37.86	56.05± 7.38	MB	47.72±15.57	23.63±0.53	9.180±0.58	9.03±0.98	Promising
T₅₄= TCH-94	125	109.90± 4.60	15.10± 1.39	26.80± 1.16	137.98± 11.82	67.30± 28.94	MB	54.11±5.46	27.05±0.58	9.052±0.56	8.90±0.65	Promising
T₅₅= TCH-106	126	122.30± 6.71	12.53± 2.78	26.13± 0.92	170.37± 43.97	55.76± 20.02	MB	43.33±10.37	22.65±0.68	9.044±0.78	8.90±0.65	Promising
T₅₆=TCH-42	126	114.35± 4.95	14.08± 0.38	28.60± 8.45	160.08± 21.07	54.73± 21.09	MB	47.35±16.85	21.73±0.49	9.036±0.73	8.90±0.87	Promising
T₅₇= NPHK-14	130	108.38± 9.03	13.95± 0.86	26.18± 2.10	205.02± 59.56	40.73± 8.22	MB	49.71±11.26	22.58±0.45	9.035±0.45	8.90±0.46	Promising
T₅₈= NPHK-2	128	125.38± 2.60	16.00± 2.40	27.93± 2.40	147.18± 26.27	55.90±17.47	LS	49.31±12.29	23.70±0.44	8.815±0.56	8.68±0.54	Promising
T₅₉= NPHK-8	128	119.101± 2.72	15.05± 4.67	28.00± 1.37	160.70± 39.91	76.10± 21.13	MB	41.07±11.46	20.53±0.64	8.790±0.39	8.65±0.78	Promising
T₆₀=TCH-86	127	103.95± 3.24	12.05± 2.04	24.96± 1.40	180.39± 18.41	22.47± 4.7	MB	41.59±10.73	23.48±0.56	8.776±0.56	8.63±0.49	Promising
T₆₁=PAN 802 (C-3)	129	128.55 ± 2.9	13.75± 3.18	29.53± 0.34	140.81± 15.69	78.23± 13.03	ELS	41.93±10.71	24.25±0.43	8.336±0.67	8.20±0.99	Best check
T₆₂= PA-6444 (C-6)	127	113.60± 4.5	13.25± 2.40	26.45± 1.67	162.58± 10.70	40.73± 8.22	MB	40.18±8.85	21.43±0.48	8.224±0.46	8.09±0.56
T₆₃= K-468 (C-5)	125	103.48± 10.11	12.88 ± 3.05	25.17± 1.04	161.91± 16.49	68.10± 45.69	MB	39.51±13.21	27.13±0.53	8.216±0.67	8.08±0.53
T₆₄=PA6129 (C-2)	125	108.50± 3.82	14.98± 3.63	25.78± 2.19	198.15± 29.09	52.45± 3.55	MB	50.84±4.30	22.60±0.68	7.968±0.56	7.84±0.39
T₆₅= Champion (C-1)	123	109.73± 11.38	15.18± 1.85	24.11± 0.69	90.58± 16.59	47.89± 16.39	LS	43.56±7.23	24.18±0.6	7.568±0.48	7.44±0.56
T₆₆=MC-13 (C-7)	129	111.73± 8.01	12.08± 5.25	27.53± 2.39	119.38± 30.74	45.64± 10.31	MB	40.77±10.18	31.73±0.72	7.264±0.63	7.14±0.56
ANOVA	-	*	*	*	*	*	-	*	NS	*	*
	Analysis of variance (ANOVA): Significant effects are indicated by as * = p < 0.05 (5%); and non-significant effects are indicated by NS

3.1.3. Panicle Length (PL)

Statistically significant variation was recorded to the Panicle Length (cm) in the different treatments of the hybrid rice. The highest PL was noticed 29.50 ± 1.05 (cm) from T₄₀=TCH-54 which was statistically more or less identical (29.53 ± 0.34) to the best control treatment T₆₁=PAN-802 (C3) (Table 7).

3.1.4. Grain Panicle^-1(No.)

There was a significant difference among the 66 hybrids of the rice varieties. The overall mean was found to be 154.851 grain panicle^-1. The highest Grain panicle^-1 was 219.73±11.95 noticed in the promising hybrid rice treatment T₅₁=TCH-44 followed by control treatment 198.15±29.09 in the T₆₄=PA-6129 (C-2) while the lowest Grain panicle^-1 (No.) was found in control treatment 90.58 ± 16.59, T₆₅=Champion (C-1) (Table 7).

3.2. Days of Flowering (50%)

Flowering in hybrid rice progressively varied due to the varietal effect. The earliest 50% flowering at 117 days was recorded in T₂=NPHK-24 while the maximum delaying flowering at 130 days was noticed in the two-hybrid rice which is one of the promising hybrids T₅₇=NPHK-14 and another one belonging to T₂₇=NPHK-3 hybrid rice (Table 7).

3.3. Chaffs Panicle ^-1 (No.)

A statistically significant difference was recorded as the lowest number (17.75 ± 9.87) of chaff panicle^-1 in treating the T₇ =SPRH-2 among the 66 hybrids. Whereas the maximum number (87.95 ± 40.25) of chaff panicle ^-1 was found in the T₁₉=TCH-100 hybrid but in the best check was produced 78.23 ± 13.03 chaff panicle ^-1. One of the best characteristics of the rice varieties is the smaller number of chaffs per panicle may be led to the best recognition of the rice variety. Among the 12 promising hybrids T₆₀=TCH-86, the lowest number of chaff panicle ^-1was 22.47 ± 4.7 (Table 7).

3.4. Plant Yield (gm)

Statistically significant differentiation was reported in the promising treatment of T₅₄=TCH-94 for Plant yield (gm) 54.11± 5.46, whereas the lowest 27.45±16.92 was observed from T₁₄=NPHK 7 (Table 7).

3.4.1. 1000 Grain Weight (gm)

Statistically significant variation was noticed for the weight of 1000 seeds among the 66 hybrid rice varieties (Table 7). The highest weight of 1000 seeds 31.85 ± 0.58 gm was recorded from one of the promising hybrid rice’s T₄₉=TCH-97 whereas the lowest weight was 31.73 ± 0.72 in the check treatment of T₆₆=MC-13 (C-7).

3.4.2. Plot Yield (Kg)

Plot yield varied significantly for different hybrid rice varieties (Table 7). The highest plot yield of 10.564 ± 0.61 kg and 10.072 ± 0.99 kg were observed in T₄₉=TCH-49 and T₅₀=NPHK-17 respectively of the promising rice hybrids whereas the lowest plot yield was observed in the hybrid rice treatment of T₄₂= TCH-32 (6.628±0.67).

3.5. Yield (ton)

The ANOVA elucidated the significant effects of treatments on grain yields of hybrid rice at 0.05 (5%) level of significance. The highest grain yield capacity of 10.4 ±1.22 t ha^-1was recorded in T₄₉=TCH-97 followed by 9.91 ± 1.01 t ha^-1in T₅₀=NPHK-17 as compared with 8.20 ± 0.99 t ha^-1 in the T₆₁=PAN802 (C-3) check hybrid rice (Table 7).

4. Discussion

With the fast growth of population not only in India but even in the world, there is an urgent need to be implemented the ways of three-line system to assist in the production of hybrid seeds for higher quantity level which may help to provide food each and every people. In our neighbouring country China’s rice breeder initially started hybrid rice development using a three-line system in 1964

[6]

4.1. Combined Grain Yield Analysis

In 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture of China initiated a super rice breeding program to meet the Chinese people's food demand in the 21^st century

[12]

. Hybrid seed demand in large-scale cultivation is one of the highly laborious practices every year for producing, packaging, and tagging fresh seeds of hybrid rice. Technically hybrid seed production is completely different from inbreed rice seed production. Generally Cytoplasmic male sterility happens naturally in advanced plants and has been employed since the 1970s in hybrid rice production

[13]

. CMS due to nuclear mitochondria incompatibility, typically from backcrossing distantly related species

[14]

. This material inheritance is controlled by mitochondrial genes that can rapidly rearrange to form toxic chimeric open reading frames, causing male sterility

[15-17]

. However, this sterility causing effect of open reading frames can be counteracted by the nuclear restore fertility gene, which restores male fertility despite the presence of CMS associated genes in the mitochondria

[16]

. In our experiment out of 66 different types of hybrid seeds, only 12 number hybrid seeds were produced promisingly through the technique of CMS. Currently, the most popular male sterility system i.e., the CMS (Cytoplasmic Male Sterile) line is popularly known as a three-line system commonly used in China and India among the private firms

[8]

. In our trial, it was found that in the three-line system with different combinations of crossing out of the 60 hybrids only 12 hybrids exhibit high-yielding production (5% extra yields than the check hybrids) as compared to 6 numbers control or check hybrids. The T₄₉=TCH-97 hybrid crossed with NP BA x NP 75-5R possesses a mean grain yield of 10.4 tons h^-1 followed by T₅₀=NPHK-17 crossed with NP 1A x NP 1925R yielding 9.91 tons h^-1compared with one of the best control hybrids T₆₁=PAN-802 (C-3) production capacity 8.20 tons h^-1. Conversely, there are also studies revealing that irrigated conditions also does not help to produce higher quantity from too low a yield of 4.2 tons h^-1 in India whereas compared with 6.1 tons h^-1 in China and 9.3 tons h^-1 in Egypt

[8]

. In China, a new record of rice yield was created in Gejiu, Yunnan with an average of 16 tons h^-1 in the years of 2015, 2016, and 2017 whereas 17 tons h^-1seeds of hybrid rice were produced commercially in 2018, 2019, and 2020

[18]

. It was reported that genetic approaches with proper crop management practices induced in the plant breeders of the Government organization and private sectors have evolved some hybrids for different states of India. The large-scale hybrid seed productions (more than 7 tons h^-1) were released for commercial cultivation by Central Variety Release Committee (CVRC) in different parts of India after 1994-1998 such as APHR-1 cross IR58025A/Vajram yielded 7.14 tons h^-1, APHR-2 cross IR62829A/MTU9992 yielded 7.52 tons h^-1, CNRH-3 cross IR62829A/Ajaya yielded 7.49 tons h^-1, DRRH-1cross IR58025A/IR40750 yielded 7.30 tons h^-1, KRH-2 cross IR58025A/KMR-3 yielded 7.40 tons h^-1, ADTRH-1 cross IR58025A/IR66 yielded 7.10 tons h^-1, PHB-71 yielded 7.86 tons h^-1 (on-farm trials) over check along with in the world some of the hybrid rice seeds were released at Philippines (IR6-1616H, IR68284H) and Vietnam (IR64615H, IR64616H, IR69690H).

Our experiment revealed that two effective approaches such as morphological improvement and heterosis approaches regulate the increased yield potential in rice breeding as verified by a long-term crop improvement program

[19]

4.2. Production Induced by the Environmental Condition

Our experimental environment shows favourable conditions for good outcrossing in rice have been identified as daily temperature, relative humidity, and sunny days with a breeze. The researchers

[20]

reported more or less similar conditions induced the production of hybrid seeds. The healthy environment influences the flowering behaviour such as the number of blooming days, time of blooming, duration of the blooming, and duration of the floret opening traits for outcrossing reported in hybrid rice.

4.3. Imported Role of Hormones

The GA₃ application plays an important role on the parental lines to overcome those showing poor panicle exertion. At the rate of 150-300 gm ha^-1 GA₃ induced high seed yielding of rice in China

[21]

. In our experiment, we noticed 150-180 gm ha^-1GA₃ have been achieved (10.4 tons ha^-1) lower than the yield per hectare compared to the production in China. Ultra Low Volume (ULV) sprayer may help for spreading the liquid of GA₃ in the rice growing field. It helps to reduce the high cost of GA₃ in many countries.

4.4. Production Through Field Trial

The researchers

[22]

in 2000 revealed that the occurrence of 48% of labour cost accounted for the total cost of hybrid seeds production in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and West Bengal where our experiments also show the utilization of modern technology triggered the downward movement of the present cost of production around 30% of the total cost.

4.5. Heterosis

Different types of hybrid rice are formed by variable plant height based on their inter-subspecific heterosis characters

[12]

. Improved varieties are the first and foremost requirement for initiation and accelerated production. The growth of the rice is strongly influenced by genotype as well as environmental factors

[23]

5. Conclusion

The seed industry of newly produced hybrid rice is very labour-intensive in terms of cultivation, production of seeds, packaging, and labelling of the seed of different rice hybrids. These mechanisms will be adopted regularly as required by farmers every year for large-scale cultivation of fresh hybrid seeds.

Abbreviations

TCH	Test Cross Hybrids
NP	Nuziveedu Paddy
NPHK	Nuziveedu Paddy Hybrids Kolkata
LS	Long Slender
LB	Long Bold
MS	Medium Slender
MB	Medium Bold
ELS	Extra Long Slender
NFSM	National Food Security Mission
CGMS	Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterile
CMS	Cytoplasmic Male Sterility
MSL	Mean Sea Level
RH	Relative Humidity
DAP	Di-Ammonium Phosphate
GA3	Gibberellic Acid
ULV	Ultra Low Volume
RCBD	Randomized Complete Block Design
ANOVA	Analysis of Variance

Acknowledgments

Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Regional Research Station, Barrackpore, 24 Parganas North (2207’48” and 880 30’ 0 E), Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India was provided all facilities in the field from land preparation to harvesting for our experiments.

Author Contributions

Anup Kumar Sarkar: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Raima Dutta: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Debasmita Goswami: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Anindita Das: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Sarmistha Das: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Indrakshi Chakraborty: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Arpita Das: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Papiya Bala: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Sreetama Ray: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization

Ankita Das: Data curation, Visualization, Formal Analysis, Software, Validation

Conflicts of Interest

All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

References

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Sarkar, A. K., Dutta, R., Goswami, D., Das, A., Das, S., et al. (2026). Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 14(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

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Sarkar, A. K.; Dutta, R.; Goswami, D.; Das, A.; Das, S., et al. Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season. Am. J. Agric. For. 2026, 14(3), 133-148. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

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AMA Style

Sarkar AK, Dutta R, Goswami D, Das A, Das S, et al. Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season. Am J Agric For. 2026;14(3):133-148. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11,
  author = {Anup Kumar Sarkar and Raima Dutta and Debasmita Goswami and Anindita Das and Sarmistha Das and Indrakshi Chakraborty and Arpita Das and Papiya Bala and Sreetama Ray and Ankita Das},
  title = {Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {133-148},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20261403.11},
  abstract = {The Design of worldwide rice production is linked to the development of hybrid rice. Total rice growing land will be reduced due to the production of hybrid rice which has helped to feed people worldwide. The present study was initiated to select the few hybrid seeds of rice as compared with Nationally selected 6 number of check hybrid seeds or control. The field experiment was conducted at Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Regional Research Station, Barrackpore, 24 Parganas North (22º 7’48” and 88º 30’ 0’’ E), Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India, during the Rabi season in the year of 2021-2022. Altogether, sixty-six (66) treatments were carried out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in the Regional Research Station. The obtained data exhibited the higher yielding capacity only 12 No. of hybrids and the occurrence of a 5% extra yield deviation from the control hybrids' yielding capacity. The tallest height (cm) of variety (T58= NPHK-2), maximum length (cm) of panicle (T40=TCH-54), highest Days of Flowering (50%) (T57=NPHK-14 and T27=NPHK-3), highest of Ear Bearing Tiller number (T13=NPHK-28), highest Grain panicle-1 number (T51=TCH-44)), maximum Chaffs panicle-1 number (T19=TCH-100), highest Plant yield (gm) (T54=TCH-94), maximum 1000 Grain weight (gm) (T49=TCH-97), maximum Plot yield (Kg) (T49=TCH-97) and maximum Yield production tons ha-1 (T49=TCH-97) were observed all morphological parameters in compares with control treatments. Out of the 60 hybrids, only 12 numbers promising hybrids T49= TCH-97, T50= NPHK-17, T51= TCH-44, T52= NPHK-18, T53=TCH-38, T54=TCH-94, T55=TCH-106, T56=TCH-42, T57=NPHK-14, T58= NPHK-2, T59= NPHK-8, and T60=TCH-86 in yielding capacity have been selected for large scale seed production. Henceforth, the above-mentioned hybrid seeds are available for undertaking large-scale farming by farmers.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season
AU  - Anup Kumar Sarkar
AU  - Raima Dutta
AU  - Debasmita Goswami
AU  - Anindita Das
AU  - Sarmistha Das
AU  - Indrakshi Chakraborty
AU  - Arpita Das
AU  - Papiya Bala
AU  - Sreetama Ray
AU  - Ankita Das
Y1  - 2026/05/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 133
EP  - 148
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
AB  - The Design of worldwide rice production is linked to the development of hybrid rice. Total rice growing land will be reduced due to the production of hybrid rice which has helped to feed people worldwide. The present study was initiated to select the few hybrid seeds of rice as compared with Nationally selected 6 number of check hybrid seeds or control. The field experiment was conducted at Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Regional Research Station, Barrackpore, 24 Parganas North (22º 7’48” and 88º 30’ 0’’ E), Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India, during the Rabi season in the year of 2021-2022. Altogether, sixty-six (66) treatments were carried out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in the Regional Research Station. The obtained data exhibited the higher yielding capacity only 12 No. of hybrids and the occurrence of a 5% extra yield deviation from the control hybrids' yielding capacity. The tallest height (cm) of variety (T58= NPHK-2), maximum length (cm) of panicle (T40=TCH-54), highest Days of Flowering (50%) (T57=NPHK-14 and T27=NPHK-3), highest of Ear Bearing Tiller number (T13=NPHK-28), highest Grain panicle-1 number (T51=TCH-44)), maximum Chaffs panicle-1 number (T19=TCH-100), highest Plant yield (gm) (T54=TCH-94), maximum 1000 Grain weight (gm) (T49=TCH-97), maximum Plot yield (Kg) (T49=TCH-97) and maximum Yield production tons ha-1 (T49=TCH-97) were observed all morphological parameters in compares with control treatments. Out of the 60 hybrids, only 12 numbers promising hybrids T49= TCH-97, T50= NPHK-17, T51= TCH-44, T52= NPHK-18, T53=TCH-38, T54=TCH-94, T55=TCH-106, T56=TCH-42, T57=NPHK-14, T58= NPHK-2, T59= NPHK-8, and T60=TCH-86 in yielding capacity have been selected for large scale seed production. Henceforth, the above-mentioned hybrid seeds are available for undertaking large-scale farming by farmers.
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Anup Kumar Sarkar

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6777-740X
Raima Dutta

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5718-5615
Debasmita Goswami

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-2341-8520
Anindita Das

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-1017-9872
Sarmistha Das

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-6891-2818
Indrakshi Chakraborty

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-0200-0932
Arpita Das

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-2230-8996
Papiya Bala

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4262-590X
Sreetama Ray

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-1155-1208
Ankita Das

Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-2828-9313

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Sarkar, A. K., Dutta, R., Goswami, D., Das, A., Das, S., et al. (2026). Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 14(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

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ACS Style

Sarkar, A. K.; Dutta, R.; Goswami, D.; Das, A.; Das, S., et al. Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season. Am. J. Agric. For. 2026, 14(3), 133-148. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

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AMA Style

Sarkar AK, Dutta R, Goswami D, Das A, Das S, et al. Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season. Am J Agric For. 2026;14(3):133-148. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11,
  author = {Anup Kumar Sarkar and Raima Dutta and Debasmita Goswami and Anindita Das and Sarmistha Das and Indrakshi Chakraborty and Arpita Das and Papiya Bala and Sreetama Ray and Ankita Das},
  title = {Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season},
  journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {133-148},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20261403.11},
  abstract = {The Design of worldwide rice production is linked to the development of hybrid rice. Total rice growing land will be reduced due to the production of hybrid rice which has helped to feed people worldwide. The present study was initiated to select the few hybrid seeds of rice as compared with Nationally selected 6 number of check hybrid seeds or control. The field experiment was conducted at Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Regional Research Station, Barrackpore, 24 Parganas North (22º 7’48” and 88º 30’ 0’’ E), Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India, during the Rabi season in the year of 2021-2022. Altogether, sixty-six (66) treatments were carried out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in the Regional Research Station. The obtained data exhibited the higher yielding capacity only 12 No. of hybrids and the occurrence of a 5% extra yield deviation from the control hybrids' yielding capacity. The tallest height (cm) of variety (T58= NPHK-2), maximum length (cm) of panicle (T40=TCH-54), highest Days of Flowering (50%) (T57=NPHK-14 and T27=NPHK-3), highest of Ear Bearing Tiller number (T13=NPHK-28), highest Grain panicle-1 number (T51=TCH-44)), maximum Chaffs panicle-1 number (T19=TCH-100), highest Plant yield (gm) (T54=TCH-94), maximum 1000 Grain weight (gm) (T49=TCH-97), maximum Plot yield (Kg) (T49=TCH-97) and maximum Yield production tons ha-1 (T49=TCH-97) were observed all morphological parameters in compares with control treatments. Out of the 60 hybrids, only 12 numbers promising hybrids T49= TCH-97, T50= NPHK-17, T51= TCH-44, T52= NPHK-18, T53=TCH-38, T54=TCH-94, T55=TCH-106, T56=TCH-42, T57=NPHK-14, T58= NPHK-2, T59= NPHK-8, and T60=TCH-86 in yielding capacity have been selected for large scale seed production. Henceforth, the above-mentioned hybrid seeds are available for undertaking large-scale farming by farmers.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development of Oryza sativa L. Hybrid Seeds from 60 Hybrids as Compared with 6 Different Nationally Checked Hybrid Seeds in the Rabi Season
AU  - Anup Kumar Sarkar
AU  - Raima Dutta
AU  - Debasmita Goswami
AU  - Anindita Das
AU  - Sarmistha Das
AU  - Indrakshi Chakraborty
AU  - Arpita Das
AU  - Papiya Bala
AU  - Sreetama Ray
AU  - Ankita Das
Y1  - 2026/05/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
SP  - 133
EP  - 148
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20261403.11
AB  - The Design of worldwide rice production is linked to the development of hybrid rice. Total rice growing land will be reduced due to the production of hybrid rice which has helped to feed people worldwide. The present study was initiated to select the few hybrid seeds of rice as compared with Nationally selected 6 number of check hybrid seeds or control. The field experiment was conducted at Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, Regional Research Station, Barrackpore, 24 Parganas North (22º 7’48” and 88º 30’ 0’’ E), Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, India, during the Rabi season in the year of 2021-2022. Altogether, sixty-six (66) treatments were carried out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in the Regional Research Station. The obtained data exhibited the higher yielding capacity only 12 No. of hybrids and the occurrence of a 5% extra yield deviation from the control hybrids' yielding capacity. The tallest height (cm) of variety (T58= NPHK-2), maximum length (cm) of panicle (T40=TCH-54), highest Days of Flowering (50%) (T57=NPHK-14 and T27=NPHK-3), highest of Ear Bearing Tiller number (T13=NPHK-28), highest Grain panicle-1 number (T51=TCH-44)), maximum Chaffs panicle-1 number (T19=TCH-100), highest Plant yield (gm) (T54=TCH-94), maximum 1000 Grain weight (gm) (T49=TCH-97), maximum Plot yield (Kg) (T49=TCH-97) and maximum Yield production tons ha-1 (T49=TCH-97) were observed all morphological parameters in compares with control treatments. Out of the 60 hybrids, only 12 numbers promising hybrids T49= TCH-97, T50= NPHK-17, T51= TCH-44, T52= NPHK-18, T53=TCH-38, T54=TCH-94, T55=TCH-106, T56=TCH-42, T57=NPHK-14, T58= NPHK-2, T59= NPHK-8, and T60=TCH-86 in yielding capacity have been selected for large scale seed production. Henceforth, the above-mentioned hybrid seeds are available for undertaking large-scale farming by farmers.
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  -

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