Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal)

Hyacinthe Sambou; Fode Amata Drame; Seyni Sane

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal)

Hyacinthe Sambou^*

, Fode Amata Drame

, Seyni Sane

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 15, Issue 1)

Received: 24 November 2025 Accepted: 15 December 2025 Published: 16 January 2026

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

In Senegal, forest ecosystems have faced increasing pressure in recent decades. These pressures, both natural and anthropogenic, lead to observable changes in the forest landscape. Lower Casamance, the only site that hosts the country’s last remaining relics of dry dense forests, is not spared. The nature and the intensity of these changes affecting the dry dense forests remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamics of the dry dense forests in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to explain their causes. A diachronic analysis of Landsat satellite data was carried out and the supervised classification approach using the maximum likelihood method was chosen to discriminate classes and produce land cover maps for 1988, 2006, and 2024. Transition matrices were used to highlight the changes undergone by the different land cover units. The results showed a significant trend marked by an increase in the surface areas of dry dense forests and woody savannah, with 855.27 and 575.37 hectares respectively between 1988 and 2024. Conversely, a sharp decrease was observed in shrub savanna, with a loss of 771.47 hectares. Furthermore, the creation of change maps revealed that from 1988 to 2024, 628.54 ha of woody savannah and 452.16 ha of shrub savannah were converted into dry dense forests. The ongoing spatial transformations in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque include modifications recorded within the different vegetation formations and conversions between the classes of natural vegetation formations and the other land cover units. This study helped to shed light on the ongoing spatial transformation processes in the landscape of the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to determine indicators that can serve as a basis for the management and conservation of forest resources in Senegal.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 15, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
Page(s)	1-11
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dry Dense Forests, Spatio-temporal Evolution, Land Use, Santhiaba Manjaque, Lower Casamance

References

[1]	Sarr, O., Ngom, D., Bakhoum, A., & Akpo L. E. (2013). Dynamique du peuplement ligneux dans un parcours agrosylvopastoral du Senegal», VertigO - la revue electronique en sciences de l'environnement. https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.14067
[2]	WORLD BANK. (2002). World development report 2003: Sustainable development in a dynamic world: transforming institutions, growth, and quality of life. Oxford University Press: World Bank.
[3]	FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. (2001). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper No. 140, FAO, Rome, Italy.
[4]	Tappan, G. G., Sall, M., Wood, E. C., & Cushing, M. (2004). Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal, Journal of arid Environnements, 59, p. 427-462.
[5]	Bamba, I. (2010). Anthropisation et dynamique spatiotemporelle de paysages forestiers en Republique Démocratique du Congo. These de Doctorat en Science, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 189 p.
[6]	Avakoudjo, J., Mama, A., Toko, I., Kindomihou, V., & Sinsin, B. (2014). Dynamique de l’occupation du sol dans le Parc National du W et sa peripherie au Nord-Ouest du Benin. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 8(6): 2608-2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i6.22
[7]	Gillet, P., Vermeulen, C., Feintrenie, L., Dessard, H., & Garcia, C. (2016). Quelles sont les causes de la deforestation dans le bassin du Congo ? Synthese bibliographique et études de cas. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 20(2), 183-194.
[8]	FAO. (2015). Evaluation des ressources forestieres mondiale 2015. Repertoire de donnees de FRA 2015, Rome, 244 p.
[9]	Ariori, S. L., & Ozer, P. (2005). Evolution des ressources forestieres en Afrique de l’Ouest soudano-sahelienne au cours des 50 dernieres annees, Geo-Eco-Trop, 29, p. 61-68.
[10]	Mbow, C. (2001). Caracteristiques spatio-temporelles des feux de brousse et de leur relation avec la végétation dans le Parc National de Niokolo Koba (Sud-Est du Senegal). These de Doctorat de 3e cycle de l’Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement, Dakar, 120 p.
[11]	Mayaux, P., Eva, H., Fournier, A., Sawadogo, L., Palumbo, I. & Gregoire, J. M. (2003). Apport des techniques spatiales pour la gestion des aires protegees en Afrique de l’Ouest. Seminaire regional sur l’amenagement et la gestion des aires protegees d’Afrique de l’Ouest, Parakou, Benin, 14-19 avril 2003, 8 p.
[12]	Jacquin, A. (2010). Dynamique de la vegetation des savanes en lien avec l’usage des feux à Madagascar. Analyse par serie temporelle d’images de teledetection. These de Doctorat en Fonctionnement des ecosystemes et agrosystemes, Universite de Toulouse, 144 p.
[13]	Solly, B., Dieye, E. H. B., Mballo, I., Sy, O., Sane, T., &Thior M., 2020c. Dynamique spatio-temporelle des paysages forestiers dans le Sud du Senegal : cas du département de Velingara, Physio-Geo, 15, p. 41-67. https://doi.org/10.4000/physiogeo.10634
[14]	Chave, J. (2000). Dynamique spatio-temporelle de la forêt tropicale. Ann. Phys. Fr. 25 no 6, 184 p.
[15]	Ozer, P. (2004). Bois de feu et déboisement au Sahel: mise au point. Sécheresse, 15 : 243-251.
[16]	Lepers, E., Lambin, E. F., Janetos, A. C., Defries, R., Achard F., Ramankutty, N. & Scholes, R. J. (2005). A synthesis of information on rapid land-cover change for the period 1981-2000. BioScience, 55: 115-124.
[17]	Sambou, H., Faye, C. S., Sane, S. (2025). Landscape Dynamics and Impact of Anti-Salt Micro-Dams on Rice Cultivation in the Djiguinoum SubWatershed, South Senegal. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2025/v15i115115
[18]	Sagna, P. (2005). Dynamique du Climat et son evolution recente dans la partie Ouest de l’afrique occidentale. These de Doctorat. Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. 786 p.
[19]	SODEMIR. (2018). Rapport d’enquetes socio-economiques dans la commune de Santhiaba Manjaque : exemple des villages de Youtou et Effoc, 51 p.
[20]	Plan Local de Developpement de Santhiaba Manjaque. (2008). Plan Local de Developpement. Santhiaba Manjaque, mars 2008, 57 p.
[21]	Ndecky, F. (2009). Problematique de la conservation des ressources naturelles dans la communaute rurale de Niaguis (Ziguinchor), Memoire de Master II, Département de Geographie, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 128 p.
[22]	Foga, S., Scaramuzza, P. L., Guo, S., Zhu, Z., Dilley, R. D., Beckmann, T., Schmidt, G. L., Dwyer, J. L, Joseph Hughes, M., & Laue, B. (2017). Cloud detection algorithm comparison and validation for operational Landsat data products. Remote Sensing of Environment, 194: 379-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.03.026
[23]	Moussa Abdou, O., Saidou, S., & Dan Guimbo, I. (2022). Dynamique spatio-temporelle de la degradation des terres dans les communes rurale de Simiri et Tondikiwindi du departement de Ouallam, region de Tillaberi (Niger). Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 16(5): 2143-2157. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i5.25
[24]	Kan K. (2021). Dynamiques du Paysage d’une Zone de Contact Foret-Savane et Migration Agricole pour la Culture Cacaoyere à l ’ Ouest de la Côte d ’ Ivoire. These de Doctorat. Universite Jean Lorougnon Guede, Daloa, p. 135.
[25]	Salomon, W., Sikuzani, Y. U., Kouakou, AT. M., Barima, Y. S. S., Theodat, J. M., & Bogaert, J. (2021). Cartographie et quantification de la perte du couvert forestier dans les parcs nationaux du Sud de la Republique d’Haïti de 1985 à 2018 : role des activites agricoles locales.
[26]	Barima, Y. S. S., Barbier, N., Bamba, I., Traore, D., Lejoly, J., & Bogaert, J. (2009). Dynamique paysagere en milieu de transition forets –savane ivoirienne. Bois et Forets des tropiques, 299(1). https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.299.a20419
[27]	Vita, l J. (2008). Land use/cover change using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems: Pic Macaya National Park, Haiti. Master of Science in Forest Ecology and Management (MS), School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 84 p.
[28]	Mas, J. F. (2000). Une revue des méthodes et des techniques du changement teledetection Can. J. Remote Sens., 26(4): 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2000.10874785
[29]	Aboubacar, A., Bachir, M., Diouf, Abdoulaye., & Guimbo Dan, I. 2023. Dynamique spatio-temporelle de la vegetation contractee de l’ouest du Niger suivant le gradient pluviometrique et d’anthropisation de 1990 à 2020. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 17(5): 1873-1888. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i5.8
[30]	Ballo, A., Traore, S. S., Coulibaly, B., Diakite, C. H., Diawara, M., Traore, A., & Dembele, S. (2016). Pressions anthropiques et dynamique d’occupation des terres dans le terroir de Ziguena, zone cotonniere du Mali. European Scientific Journal, 12(5): 90-99. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p90
[31]	BIGA, I., Amani, A., Soumana I., Bachir M., & Mahamane, A. (2020). Dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation des sols des communes de Torodi, Gotheye et Tagazar de la region de Tillabery au Niger. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 14(3): 949-965. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.24
[32]	Abdou, I. K., Abasse, T., Massaoudou, M., Rabiou H., Soumana, & I., Bogaert, J. (2019). Influence des Pressions Anthropiques sur la Dynamique Paysagère de la Reserve Partielle de Faune de Dosso (Niger). Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 13(2): 1094-1108. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i2.41
[33]	Bamba, I., Mama, A., Neuba, D. F. R., Koffi, K. J., Traoré, D., Visser, M., Sinsin, B., Lejoly, J,. & Bogaert, J. (2008). Influence des actions anthropiques sur la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation du sol dans la province du Bas-Congo (R. D. Congo). Sciences & Nature Vol. 5 N 1 : 49 – 60. https://doi.org/10.4314/scinat.v 5il.42151
[34]	Schlaepfer, M. A., Runge, M. C., & Sherman, P. W. (2002). Ecological and Evolutionary Traps. Trends in ecology & evolution, 17(10): 474-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169- 5347(02)02580-6
[35]	Toyi, M. S., Barima, Y. S. S., Mama, A., André, M., Bastin, J. F., De Canniere, C., Sinsin, B., & Bogaert, J. (2013). Tree Plantation Will Not Compensate Natural Woody Vegetation Cover Loss in the Atlantic Department of Southern Benin. Tropicultura, 1, 62-70.
[36]	Paturel, J. E., Ibrahim., B., & L’Aour, A. (2004). Evolution de la pluviometrie annuelle en Afrique de l’Ouest et Centrale au XXeme siecle. Sud Sciences & TechnologieS. 46 p.
[37]	Tchibozo, E. A. M. (2020). Modelisation de la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l'occupation du sol et analyse des changements du territoire de la Lama au Benin. European Scientific Journal, 16(6), 499-523. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2020.v16n6p499
[38]	Dramé, F. A., Sambou, H., & Ndiaye, S. (2025). Analysis of land use changes in the commune of Kaour from 1990 to 2024 (Sedhiou region/Senegal). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 211, 22300-22318. https://doi.org/10.35759/JABs.211.2
[39]	Ndiaye, A. B. (2018). Le phenomene de salinisation des terres du Delta du Fleuve Senegal : Causes, Consequences et Solutions. Universite Gaston Berger, UFR S2ATA, 30 p. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21729.94561
[40]	Timite, N., Koua, K. A. N., Kouakou, A. T. M., & Barima, Y. S. S. (2023). Dynamiques spatio-temporelles des parcs agroforestiers dans la zone soudanienne de la Cote d’Ivoire de 1990 à 2020 dans un contexte d’expansion de l’anacarde. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 17(2): 484-504. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.16
[41]	Sène, A. M., Coly, R. (2021). Enclavement et acces aux structures sanitaires de la commune de Santhiaba Manjaque (region de Ziguinchor). Revue Espace, Territoires, Societes et Sante, 4(8), 153-166.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Sambou, H., Drame, F. A., Sane, S. (2026). Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Sambou, H.; Drame, F. A.; Sane, S. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2026, 15(1), 1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Sambou H, Drame FA, Sane S. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal). Am J Environ Prot. 2026;15(1):1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11,
  author = {Hyacinthe Sambou and Fode Amata Drame and Seyni Sane},
  title = {Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal)},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20261501.11},
  abstract = {In Senegal, forest ecosystems have faced increasing pressure in recent decades. These pressures, both natural and anthropogenic, lead to observable changes in the forest landscape. Lower Casamance, the only site that hosts the country’s last remaining relics of dry dense forests, is not spared. The nature and the intensity of these changes affecting the dry dense forests remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamics of the dry dense forests in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to explain their causes. A diachronic analysis of Landsat satellite data was carried out and the supervised classification approach using the maximum likelihood method was chosen to discriminate classes and produce land cover maps for 1988, 2006, and 2024. Transition matrices were used to highlight the changes undergone by the different land cover units. The results showed a significant trend marked by an increase in the surface areas of dry dense forests and woody savannah, with 855.27 and 575.37 hectares respectively between 1988 and 2024. Conversely, a sharp decrease was observed in shrub savanna, with a loss of 771.47 hectares. Furthermore, the creation of change maps revealed that from 1988 to 2024, 628.54 ha of woody savannah and 452.16 ha of shrub savannah were converted into dry dense forests. The ongoing spatial transformations in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque include modifications recorded within the different vegetation formations and conversions between the classes of natural vegetation formations and the other land cover units. This study helped to shed light on the ongoing spatial transformation processes in the landscape of the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to determine indicators that can serve as a basis for the management and conservation of forest resources in Senegal.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal)
AU  - Hyacinthe Sambou
AU  - Fode Amata Drame
AU  - Seyni Sane
Y1  - 2026/01/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 1
EP  - 11
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
AB  - In Senegal, forest ecosystems have faced increasing pressure in recent decades. These pressures, both natural and anthropogenic, lead to observable changes in the forest landscape. Lower Casamance, the only site that hosts the country’s last remaining relics of dry dense forests, is not spared. The nature and the intensity of these changes affecting the dry dense forests remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamics of the dry dense forests in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to explain their causes. A diachronic analysis of Landsat satellite data was carried out and the supervised classification approach using the maximum likelihood method was chosen to discriminate classes and produce land cover maps for 1988, 2006, and 2024. Transition matrices were used to highlight the changes undergone by the different land cover units. The results showed a significant trend marked by an increase in the surface areas of dry dense forests and woody savannah, with 855.27 and 575.37 hectares respectively between 1988 and 2024. Conversely, a sharp decrease was observed in shrub savanna, with a loss of 771.47 hectares. Furthermore, the creation of change maps revealed that from 1988 to 2024, 628.54 ha of woody savannah and 452.16 ha of shrub savannah were converted into dry dense forests. The ongoing spatial transformations in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque include modifications recorded within the different vegetation formations and conversions between the classes of natural vegetation formations and the other land cover units. This study helped to shed light on the ongoing spatial transformation processes in the landscape of the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to determine indicators that can serve as a basis for the management and conservation of forest resources in Senegal.
VL  - 15
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Hyacinthe Sambou

Institute of Environmental Sciences, Cheikh Anta DIOP University, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5049-3550
Fode Amata Drame

Institute of Environmental Sciences, Cheikh Anta DIOP University, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-1428-6061
Seyni Sane

Higher Institute of Professional Education (ISEP), Bignona, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4605-332X

Download PDF

Submit an Article

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Sambou, H., Drame, F. A., Sane, S. (2026). Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Sambou, H.; Drame, F. A.; Sane, S. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2026, 15(1), 1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Sambou H, Drame FA, Sane S. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal). Am J Environ Prot. 2026;15(1):1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11,
  author = {Hyacinthe Sambou and Fode Amata Drame and Seyni Sane},
  title = {Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal)},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20261501.11},
  abstract = {In Senegal, forest ecosystems have faced increasing pressure in recent decades. These pressures, both natural and anthropogenic, lead to observable changes in the forest landscape. Lower Casamance, the only site that hosts the country’s last remaining relics of dry dense forests, is not spared. The nature and the intensity of these changes affecting the dry dense forests remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamics of the dry dense forests in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to explain their causes. A diachronic analysis of Landsat satellite data was carried out and the supervised classification approach using the maximum likelihood method was chosen to discriminate classes and produce land cover maps for 1988, 2006, and 2024. Transition matrices were used to highlight the changes undergone by the different land cover units. The results showed a significant trend marked by an increase in the surface areas of dry dense forests and woody savannah, with 855.27 and 575.37 hectares respectively between 1988 and 2024. Conversely, a sharp decrease was observed in shrub savanna, with a loss of 771.47 hectares. Furthermore, the creation of change maps revealed that from 1988 to 2024, 628.54 ha of woody savannah and 452.16 ha of shrub savannah were converted into dry dense forests. The ongoing spatial transformations in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque include modifications recorded within the different vegetation formations and conversions between the classes of natural vegetation formations and the other land cover units. This study helped to shed light on the ongoing spatial transformation processes in the landscape of the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to determine indicators that can serve as a basis for the management and conservation of forest resources in Senegal.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatio-temporal Evolution of Land User and Changes in Dense Dry Forests in the Municipality of Santhiaba Manjaque in Lower Casamance (Southern Senegal)
AU  - Hyacinthe Sambou
AU  - Fode Amata Drame
AU  - Seyni Sane
Y1  - 2026/01/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 1
EP  - 11
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20261501.11
AB  - In Senegal, forest ecosystems have faced increasing pressure in recent decades. These pressures, both natural and anthropogenic, lead to observable changes in the forest landscape. Lower Casamance, the only site that hosts the country’s last remaining relics of dry dense forests, is not spared. The nature and the intensity of these changes affecting the dry dense forests remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamics of the dry dense forests in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to explain their causes. A diachronic analysis of Landsat satellite data was carried out and the supervised classification approach using the maximum likelihood method was chosen to discriminate classes and produce land cover maps for 1988, 2006, and 2024. Transition matrices were used to highlight the changes undergone by the different land cover units. The results showed a significant trend marked by an increase in the surface areas of dry dense forests and woody savannah, with 855.27 and 575.37 hectares respectively between 1988 and 2024. Conversely, a sharp decrease was observed in shrub savanna, with a loss of 771.47 hectares. Furthermore, the creation of change maps revealed that from 1988 to 2024, 628.54 ha of woody savannah and 452.16 ha of shrub savannah were converted into dry dense forests. The ongoing spatial transformations in the township of Santhiaba Manjaque include modifications recorded within the different vegetation formations and conversions between the classes of natural vegetation formations and the other land cover units. This study helped to shed light on the ongoing spatial transformation processes in the landscape of the township of Santhiaba Manjaque and to determine indicators that can serve as a basis for the management and conservation of forest resources in Senegal.
VL  - 15
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download