Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a significant health challenge globally, including in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia, particularly in Nekemte town. The burden of NCDs is rising, necessitating a thorough assessment of community awareness and engagement for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aims to assess the level of community awareness and engagement in NCD prevention and control in Nekemte town, East Wollega Zone, with more emphasis evaluating awareness levels, health behaviors, existing programs, barriers to engagement, and best practices. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, and review of existing data and literature. Demographic data, prevalence rates, awareness levels, health behaviors, and community perceptions were collected and analyzed. The study will provide insights into the current state of community awareness and engagement regarding NCDs in Nekemte town. Findings were including awareness gaps, prevalent health behaviors, barriers to engagement, and successful community programs. For further intervention, evidence-based interventions and policies aimed at improving community awareness, promoting healthy behaviors, reducing NCD burden, and enhancing community engagement in Nekemte town and similar settings. The study is very important and has the potential to improve health outcomes, optimize resource allocation, reduce disparities, empower communities, inform policies, contribute to academic knowledge, and impact global health initiatives related to NCD prevention and control.
Keywords
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDS), Community Awareness, Nekemte Town Health Behaviors, Health Education
1. Introduction
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as a significant public health challenge globally, impacting individuals, families, and communities
| [1] | S. Tesfaye and A. Yesuf, “Trend analysis of malaria surveillance data in West Wallaga, West Oromia, Ethiopia: a framework for planning and elimination,” Malar. J., vol. 23, no. 1, Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1186/S12936-024-04874-6 |
[1]
. In East Wollega Zone, specifically in Nekemte town, the burden of NCDs is increasingly recognized as a priority area for health intervention and community engagement. This introduction sets the stage for assessing community awareness and engagement in the prevention and control of NCDs in this region
| [2] | M. Chego, E. Adeba, and A. Taye, “Evaluation of Pattern of Community Engagement in District Health Care in East Wollega: Qualitative Study,” J. Community Med. Health Educ., vol. 08, no. 03, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000612 |
[2]
. East Wollega Zone, situated in the western part of Ethiopia, encompasses diverse communities with varying socio-economic backgrounds, cultural beliefs, and access to healthcare services. Nekemte town, as the administrative center of the zone, serves as a focal point for healthcare delivery and community development initiatives.
The prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory conditions has been steadily rising in the region, mirroring global trends. These diseases not only impose a significant health burden but also strain healthcare systems and contribute to economic challenges for individuals and society at large
. Understanding the level of community awareness and engagement is essential for designing effective strategies to prevent, control, and manage NCDs. Awareness encompasses knowledge about risk factors, symptoms, preventive measures, and available healthcare services. Engagement involves active participation in health-promoting behaviors, adherence to medical recommendations, and involvement in community-based initiatives
| [4] | K. Questa et al., “Community engagement interventions for communicable disease control in low- A nd lower-middle-income countries: Evidence from a review of systematic reviews,” 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01169-5 |
[4].
The East Wollega Zone, particularly Nekemte town, is facing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory conditions. Despite the increasing prevalence of these diseases, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding community awareness and engagement in the prevention and control of NCDs in this region. The significance of this study lies in its potential to drive positive health outcomes, optimize resource utilization, empower communities, reduce disparities, inform policies, contribute to academic knowledge, and have a broader impact on global health initiatives related to NCD prevention and control. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the community awareness and engagement in the prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in East Wollega Zone, Nekemte town.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Design and Periods
The study was carried out at Nekemte town, Ethiopia, which serves as a junction for the Oromia region's numerous regions. The town, which has 161,000 residents, is renowned for its rich cultural diversity. It has the basic infrastructure, including marketplaces, schools, hospitals, transit systems, and administrative buildings. Nekemte is renowned for its educational institutions and cultural legacy, which support the region's intellectual development. The town is well-equipped with medical facilities, such as hospitals and health clinics, which are essential for research on public health campaigns and healthcare access. A community-based cross-sectional study design with a concurrent mixed-method approach was conducted from January 2024 to March 2024.
2.2. Target Population and Selection Criteria
All adults over the age of 18 who are permanent residents of Nekemte town (residing there for at least six months) were the target populations. The study population for the quantitative investigation consisted of randomly selected adult residents. Additionally, a qualitative study was carried out, involving specifically chosen residents, healthcare providers, and public health experts.
2.3. Sample Size
To determine the sample size, create a sampling frame, and plan participant recruitment for assessing community awareness and engagement in NCD prevention and control in East Wollega Zone, the sample size was calculated based on the assumption of confidence (95%) and margin of error (5%) and proportion of Knowledge of NCD (p),
Where: 𝑛= required sample size
Z = Z-score (1.96 for 95% confidence)
p = estimated proportion (e.g., awareness or engagement level)
E = margin of error, typically expressed as a decimal (e.g., 0.05 for a 5% margin of error) Hence, rounded up to the nearest whole number, the minimum sample size required for a population of 161,000 with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error is approximately 385 adding 10% non-respondents 424 total population were selected.
For the qualitative aspect, a purposive sampling technique was utilized, aiming for maximum variability to ensure diverse perspectives and relevant data in line with the research objectives. This approach was intended to delve deeply into NCDs knowledge and healthy lifestyle practices within the community, seeking comprehensive insights.
2.4. Data Collection
The study designed a robust data collection tool to assess understanding of NCDs, focusing on socio-demographic factors, exposure to NCD information, knowledge levels, and healthy lifestyle behaviors. To carry out data collection, potential co-investigators were enlisted, supervised on-site by potential coordinators supervisors. Data gathering took place through face-to-face interviews utilizing pre-tested questionnaires. Furthermore, the study conducted five sessions of focus group discussions (FGDs) to delve into NCD knowledge and community health practices. These FGDs were moderated by a seasoned health professional. Additionally, ten sessions of in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with healthcare providers and public health experts to gather detailed insights and perspectives.
2.5. Study Variables
Demographic Variables
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Education level
4. Occupation
5. Income level
6. Marital status
7. Ethnicity
Awareness Variables
1. Knowledge of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases)
2. Sources of information about healthcare providers, media, family)
3. Awareness of risk factors for smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity)
4. Awareness of preventive measures healthy diet, regular exercise, screenings)
Engagement Variables
1. Participation in NCD prevention programs (awareness campaigns, health screenings)
2. Compliance with medical recommendations (medication adherence, lifestyle changes)
3. Utilization of healthcare services for NCD management
4. Engagement in community health initiatives related to NCDs
Behavioral Variables
1. Smoking status
2. Alcohol consumption
3. Dietary habits (consumption of fruits and vegetables, fast food intake)
4. Physical activity levels
Environmental Variables
1. Access to healthcare facilities
2. Availability of healthy food options
3. Environmental factors influencing physical activity (parks, sidewalks)
Socioeconomic Variables:
1. Insurance coverage
2. Employment status
3. Housing conditions
4. Economic barriers to healthcare access
These variables can be assessed through surveys, interviews, medical records, and observational data to understand the levels of awareness, engagement, behaviors, and health outcomes related to non-communicable diseases in the specified population.
2.6. Data Analysis
The data was manually checked, cleaned, and entered into Epi data manager, then exported to SPSS for analysis. Descriptive and bivariable analysis were performed, with a p-value < 0.25 for independent variables and a p-value < 0.05 for multivariable analysis. The Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit model was fitted, and no multicollinearity was found. Thematic framework analysis was performed manually, and results were presented in narration, triangulating with quantitative findings.
2.7. Ethical Clearance
The study received ethical approval from Wollega University's review committee, permission from district and kebele administrations, and written informed consent from each participant.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Socio-demographic Characteristics
Out of a total of 415 respondents who completed the study, achieving a response rate of 97.87%, the mean age of the participants was 35.50 years, with the majority falling within the age range of 31-45 years. More than half of the participants, accounting for 237 individuals (57.11%), were female. In terms of marital status, 380 participants (91.57%) were married. Additionally, the majority of respondents had education beyond the secondary level. Most participants, numbering 325 individuals (78.10%), belonged to the Oromo ethnic group. Furthermore, approximately more than half of the participants were engaged in both governmental and private sector (merchant) occupations (
Table 1).
3.2. Knowledge of Communities About Non Communicable Diseases
The present findings showed that the majority of the community members, accounting for 315 (75.00%), correctly defined and understood non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Among the mentioned NCDs, high blood pressure was the most frequently occurring, with 112 cases (27.00%), followed by diabetes with 94 cases (23.00%), chronic respiratory diseases with 65 cases (16.00%), and ulcers with 60 cases (14.00%). Most community members revealed that NCDs are preventable (350, 84.00%) and 65 (16.00%) believed they are curable if appropriate treatment is received in a timely manner.
Furthermore, the communities were generally aware of the various risk factors contributing to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which encompass a range of issues from environmental pollution to individual lifestyle practices. They recognized that preventing NCDs involves several key strategies. A significant portion of the community, 249 individuals (60.00%), identified maintaining a healthy diet as crucial for prevention. Additionally, 154 individuals (37.00%) understood the importance of reducing exposure to environmental pollutants as a preventive measure. Moreover, 133 individuals (32.00%) emphasized the necessity of avoiding smoking and refraining from smoking habits to mitigate the risk of developing NCDs. This awareness underscores the community's recognition of both environmental and lifestyle factors in the prevention of NCDs (
Table 2).
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and associated factors.
Demographic Characteristic | Categories/Options | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
1) Age | A. <18 | 35 | 8.43 |
B. 18-30 | 130 | 31.33 |
C. 31-45 | 185 | 44.58 |
D. 46-60 | 30 | 7.23 |
E. Above 60 | 35 | 8.43 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
2) Gender | A. Male | 178 | 42.89 |
B. Female | 237 | 57.11 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
3) Education Level | A. No formal education | 89 | 21.45 |
B. Primary school | 75 | 18.07 |
C. Secondary school | 36 | 8.67 |
D. College/ University | 215 | 51.81 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
4) Occupation | A. Employed | 137 | 33.01 |
B. Healthcare | 33 | 7.95 |
C. Education, | 45 | 10.84 |
D. Agriculture | 74 | 17.83 |
E. Student | 46 | 11.08 |
F. Merchant | 80 | 19.28 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
5) Monthly Income | A. Below average | 280 | 67.47 |
B. Average | 130 | 31.33 |
C. Above average | 5 | 1.20 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
6) Ethnicity | A. Oromo | 325 | 78.31 |
B. Gurage | 21 | 5.06 |
C. Amhara | 50 | 12.05 |
D. Tigire | 19 | 4.58 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
7) Residential Area | A. Urban | 250 | 60.24 |
B. Rural | 165 | 39.76 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
8) Family Structure | A. Single | 20 | 4.82 |
B. Married | 380 | 91.57 |
C. Living alone | 15 | 3.61 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
9) Health Insurance Coverage | A. Yes | 380 | 91.57 |
B. No | 35 | 8.43 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
10) NCD Diagnosis | A. Yes | 198 | 47.71 |
B. No | 217 | 52.29 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
11) Smoking Status | A. Non-smoker | 98 | 23.61 |
B. Former smoker | 150 | 36.14 |
C. Current smoker | 167 | 40.24 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
12) Alcohol Consumption | A. Non-drinker | 45 | 10.84 |
B. Occasional drinker | 120 | 28.92 |
C. Regular drinker | 250 | 60.24 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
13) Physical Activity Level | A. Sedentary | 350 | 84.34 |
B. Moderately active | 45 | 10.84 |
C. Very active | 20 | 4.82 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
14) Diet Quality | A. Poor | 145 | 34.94 |
B. Average | 200 | 48.19 |
C. Healthy | 70 | 16.87 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
15) Knowledge of NCDs | A. Low | 215 | 51.81 |
B. Moderate | 122 | 29.40 |
C. High | 78 | 18.80 |
Total | 415 | 100.00 |
Community’s awareness toward prevention and control of NCDs
The majority of community members, 357 individuals (86.02%), agreed that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were prevalent among people in their community in Nekemte town, East Wollega Zone. In addition, many community members emphasized the importance of several preventive measures: 378 individuals (91.02%) highlighted the significance of maintaining a healthy diet, 239 individuals (58.00%) stressed the importance of regular physical activity, 268 individuals (65.00%) underscored the need to avoid smoking, and 240 individuals (58.00%) pointed out the benefits of limiting alcohol consumption.
Table 2. Community knowledge and attitude toward prevention and control of NCDs, 2024.
Characteristics | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
Do you know NCD | Yes | 315 | 75.90 |
| No | 100 | 24.10 |
NCD | High blood pressure | 112 | 26.99 |
| Diabetes | 94 | 22.65 |
| Cardio vascular diseases | 65 | 15.66 |
| Ulcer | 54 | 13.01 |
| Cancer | 60 | 14.46 |
Is NCD preventable | Yes | 350 | 84.34 |
| No | 65 | 15.66 |
NCDs are preventable | Yes | 365 | 87.95 |
| No | 50 | 12.05 |
Ways of preventing NCDs | No- smoking | 133 | 32.05 |
| Regular physical activities | 116 | 27.95 |
| Health diets | 249 | 60.00 |
| Limiting alcohol consumption | 70 | 16.87 |
| Reducing environmental exposure | 154 | 37.11 |
| others | 29 | 6.99 |
NCDs are curable | Yes | 390 | 93.98 |
| No | 26 | 6.27 |
Furthermore, in terms of their knowledge and potential practices, nearly all community members, 400 individuals (96.40%), recognized that they had an active role to play in the prevention and control of NCDs within their environment and homes. This high level of awareness and sense of responsibility indicates a strong community commitment to mitigating the risk of NCDs through lifestyle changes and environmental management.
Table 3. Community’s awareness toward prevention and control of NCDs and its associated factors in Nekmete town, East Wollega Zone.
Perceptions towards NCDs | Category | Frequency | Percentages |
Presence of NCDs among community | Agree | 357 | 86.02 |
Disagree | 50 | 12.04 |
No | 8 | 1.92 |
Importance of NCDs risk factors | | | |
Avoiding smoking / using tobacco | Very important | 268 | 64.57 |
Important | 70 | 16.86 |
Fairly important | 61 | 14.69 |
Not Important | 16 | 3.85 |
Limiting alcohol use | Very important | 240 | 57.83 |
Important | 68 | 16.38 |
Fairly important | 87 | 20.96 |
Not Important | 20 | 4.81 |
Physical activity | Very important | 239 | 57.59 |
Important | 69 | 16.62 |
Fairly important | 87 | 20.96 |
Not Important | 20 | 4.81 |
Healthy diet | Very important | 378 | 91.08 |
Important | 25 | 6.02 |
Fairly important | 9 | 2.16 |
Not Important | 3 | 0.72 |
In the study area of Nekemte town, East Wollega Zone, there is a significant lack of intervention and awareness practices concerning the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Among the total health workers, a notable proportion of community health workers (CHWs), 27.00% (13 individuals), who were involved in NCD prevention and control reported facing several challenges. These challenges included inadequate knowledge about NCDs, insufficient training, and negative perceptions within the community towards these diseases.
Table 4. Community Health Workers involvement in prevention and Control of NCDs, (n=30).
Items | Category | Frequency | Percentages |
CHW involvements | Yes | 13 | 43.33 |
No | 17 | 56.66 |
Activities | Community mobilization | 4 | 13.33 |
Screening and early detection | 8 | 26.66 |
Referral | 11 | 36.66 |
Supporting adherence to treatment | 7 | 23.33 |
CHW engagement for Prevention and Control | Cancer | 4 | 13.33 |
Diabetes | 6 | 20.00 |
HBP | 13 | 43.33 |
CVD | 7 | 23.33 |
Others | 30 | 100.00 |
Challenges involved in the prevention or control of NCDs | Lack of knowledge | 4 | 13.33 |
Lack of training | 8 | 26.67 |
Negative Perception | 15 | 50 |
Lack of support | 2 | 6.67 |
Others | 30 | 100 |
The difficulties experienced by the CHWs were echoed by some community members. Participants in focus group discussions (FGDs) acknowledged that while CHWs were somewhat involved in the prevention and control of NCDs, their efforts were hindered by limited health education on NCDs. This was largely because CHWs were primarily focused on other health issues such as water, sanitation, and hygiene. To address these gaps, it is essential to enhance the training and education of CHWs regarding NCDs, increase community awareness about the importance of NCD prevention and control, and shift some focus towards these pressing health concerns. Comprehensive strategies that integrate NCD education into the broader health agenda, along with targeted interventions and robust community engagement, are crucial for improving the overall health outcomes in Nekemte town.
4. Discussion
The demographic profile of the study population, comprising predominantly married, well educated, and economically active individuals, provides valuable insights for designing effective health interventions. With a balanced gender distribution and high education levels, there is a significant opportunity to implement targeted strategies to address health issues within the community. Cultural considerations, particularly regarding the dominant Oromo ethnic group, should guide the development of interventions to ensure cultural relevance and acceptance. Overall, leveraging the demographic characteristics of the population can facilitate the delivery of tailored and impactful health initiatives aimed at improving overall well-being and reducing health disparities within the community.
The present findings revealed that 75.00% of community members correctly defined and understood non-communicable diseases (NCDs). High blood pressure was identified as the most frequently occurring NCD (27.00%), followed by diabetes (23.00%), chronic respiratory diseases (16.00%), and ulcers (14.00%). The majority of respondents believed NCDs are preventable (84.00%), while 16.00% thought they are curable with timely treatment. Similar results were reported by multiple authors, indicating that blood pressure and diabetes were the most prevalent non-communicable diseases among the communities
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| [6] | A. T. Muluneh et al., “Population based survey of chronic non-communicable diseases at gilgel gibe field research center, southwest ethiopia.,” Ethiop. J. Health Sci., vol. 22, no. S, 2012. |
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[5-7]
. Moreover, the community demonstrated awareness of various NCD risk factors, including environmental pollution and lifestyle practices. Key prevention strategies identified included maintaining a healthy diet (60.00%), reducing exposure to environmental pollutants (37.00%), and avoiding smoking (32.00%). This underscores the community's recognition of both environmental and lifestyle factors in NCD prevention
| [6] | A. T. Muluneh et al., “Population based survey of chronic non-communicable diseases at gilgel gibe field research center, southwest ethiopia.,” Ethiop. J. Health Sci., vol. 22, no. S, 2012. |
| [7] | S. T. Memirie et al., “Addressing the Impact of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries (NCDIs) in Ethiopia: Findings and Recommendations from the Ethiopia NCDI Commission,” Ethiop. J. Health Sci., vol. 32, no. 1, p. 161, Jan. 2022, https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHS.V32I1.18 |
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| [10] | Tesema, A. G., Peiris, D., Abimbola, S., Ajisegiri, W. S., Narasimhan, P., Mulugeta, A.,... & Joshi, R. (2022). Community health extension workers’ training and supervision in Ethiopia: Exploring impact and implementation challenges for non-communicable disease service delivery. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(11), e0001160., https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/6/e009025 |
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[6-12].
The majority of community members in Nekemte town, East Wollega Zone (86.02%), recognized the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among people in their community. Additionally, a significant number of individuals emphasized various preventive measures: maintaining a healthy diet (91.02%), regular physical activity (58.00%), avoidance of smoking (65.00%), and limiting alcohol consumption (58.00%) which is similar with previous reports
| [8] | G. Jeet, J. Thakur, S. Prinja, M. S.-P. one, and undefined 2017, “Community health workers for non-communicable diseases prevention and control in developing countries: evidence and implications,” journals.plos.orgG Jeet, JS Thakur, S Prinja, M SinghPloS one, 2017•journals.plos.org, vol. 12, no. 7, Jul. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180640 |
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[8, 9].
The challenges faced by Community Health Workers (CHWs) in addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were recognized by community members themselves, as revealed in focus group discussions (FGDs). While CHWs were involved to some extent in NCD prevention and control, their effectiveness was hampered by limited education on NCDs
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[10-16]
. This was often due to CHWs primarily focusing on other health issues such as water, sanitation, and hygiene.
To bridge these gaps, there is a crucial need to enhance the training and education of CHWs regarding NCDs. Additionally, increasing community awareness about the importance of NCD prevention and control is vital. Shifting some focus towards these pressing health concerns within CHW programs is also necessary
| [11] | Tesema, A. G., Abimbola, S., Mulugeta, A., Ajisegiri, W. S., Narasimhan, P., Joshi, R.,... & Peiris, D. (2021). Health system capacity and readiness for delivery of integrated non-communicable disease services in primary health care: A qualitative analysis of the Ethiopian experience. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(10), e0000026, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000026 |
| [13] | Gebre, T., Taha, M., & Kassie, G. M. (2022). The magnitude of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5316., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9903385 |
[11, 13]
. Comprehensive strategies that integrate NCD education into the broader health agenda, coupled with targeted interventions and robust community engagement, are essential for improving overall health outcomes in Nekemte town
| [11] | Tesema, A. G., Abimbola, S., Mulugeta, A., Ajisegiri, W. S., Narasimhan, P., Joshi, R.,... & Peiris, D. (2021). Health system capacity and readiness for delivery of integrated non-communicable disease services in primary health care: A qualitative analysis of the Ethiopian experience. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(10), e0000026, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000026 |
| [12] | Misganaw, A., Mariam, D. H., Ali, A., & Araya, T. (2014). Epidemiology of major non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 32(1), 1–13, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4089066 |
| [13] | Gebre, T., Taha, M., & Kassie, G. M. (2022). The magnitude of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5316., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9903385 |
| [14] | Fekadu, G., Wakayo, T., & Turi, E. (2021). Central obesity and its predictors among adults in Nekemte town, West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0258365, https://doi.org/10.1177/205031212110549 |
[11-14]
.
The demographic profile of the study population in Nekemte town, characterized by predominantly married, well-educated, and economically active individuals, presents a promising opportunity for designing effective health interventions. With a balanced gender distribution and high levels of education, there is potential to implement targeted strategies aimed at addressing health issues within the community. Cultural considerations, particularly regarding the dominant Oromo ethnic group, should guide the development of interventions to ensure cultural relevance and acceptance. Leveraging these demographic characteristics can facilitate the delivery of tailored and impactful health initiatives aimed at improving overall well-being and reducing health disparities within the community
| [15] | Assefa, T., & Mitiku, T. (2024). Community knowledge and attitude toward prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.38252.01934 |
| [16] | Jeet, G., Thakur, J. S., Prinja, S., & Singh, M. (2017). Community health workers for non-communicable diseases prevention and control in developing countries: Evidence and implications. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0180640., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180640 |
[15, 16]
.
The study revealed that a substantial proportion of community members correctly understood non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and recognized their preventable nature. High blood pressure and diabetes emerged as the most prevalent NCDs, consistent with findings from other studies. Furthermore, the community demonstrated awareness of various NCD risk factors, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy diet, reducing exposure to environmental pollutants, and avoiding smoking
| [10] | Tesema, A. G., Peiris, D., Abimbola, S., Ajisegiri, W. S., Narasimhan, P., Mulugeta, A.,... & Joshi, R. (2022). Community health extension workers’ training and supervision in Ethiopia: Exploring impact and implementation challenges for non-communicable disease service delivery. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(11), e0001160., https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/6/e009025 |
| [11] | Tesema, A. G., Abimbola, S., Mulugeta, A., Ajisegiri, W. S., Narasimhan, P., Joshi, R.,... & Peiris, D. (2021). Health system capacity and readiness for delivery of integrated non-communicable disease services in primary health care: A qualitative analysis of the Ethiopian experience. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(10), e0000026, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000026 |
| [12] | Misganaw, A., Mariam, D. H., Ali, A., & Araya, T. (2014). Epidemiology of major non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 32(1), 1–13, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4089066 |
| [13] | Gebre, T., Taha, M., & Kassie, G. M. (2022). The magnitude of NCD risk factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5316., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9903385 |
| [14] | Fekadu, G., Wakayo, T., & Turi, E. (2021). Central obesity and its predictors among adults in Nekemte town, West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0258365, https://doi.org/10.1177/205031212110549 |
| [15] | Assefa, T., & Mitiku, T. (2024). Community knowledge and attitude toward prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.38252.01934 |
| [16] | Jeet, G., Thakur, J. S., Prinja, S., & Singh, M. (2017). Community health workers for non-communicable diseases prevention and control in developing countries: Evidence and implications. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0180640., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180640 |
| [17] | Tesema, A. G., Peiris, D., Abimbola, S., Ajisegiri, W. S., Narasimhan, P., Mulugeta, A., ... & Joshi, R. (2022). Exploring complementary and competitive relations between non-communicable disease services and other health extension programme services in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis. BMJ Global Health, 7(6), e009025, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001160 |
[10-17]
.
However, challenges faced by Community Health Workers (CHWs) in addressing NCDs were identified, including limited education on NCDs and a primary focus on other health issues. To address these challenges, it is essential to enhance the training and education of CHWs regarding NCDs and increase community awareness about the importance of NCD prevention and control. Shifting some focus towards NCDs within CHW programs and implementing comprehensive strategies that integrate NCD education into broader health agendas are vital steps toward improving overall health outcomes in Nekemte town.
Abbreviations
NCD | Non Communicable Diseases |
CHW | Community Health Workerss |
Acknowledgments
The authors are would like to thanks, East Wollega Zone Health office, Wollega University and all laboratory technician and data collectors for their support initiation and encouragement and assistant starting from the begging.
Ethics Approval (Committee and the Ethical Approval Number)
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Funding
There is no funding for this research.
Data Availability Statement
The data used and analyzed during the current study are available within the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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APA Style
Amenu, D., Nugusa, A., Tafesse, T. (2025). Community Awareness and Engagement in Preventing and Controlling Non-Communicable Diseases in Nekemte Town, East Wollega Zone: A Comprehensive Study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 10(2), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11
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Amenu, D.; Nugusa, A.; Tafesse, T. Community Awareness and Engagement in Preventing and Controlling Non-Communicable Diseases in Nekemte Town, East Wollega Zone: A Comprehensive Study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2025, 10(2), 29-38. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11
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Amenu D, Nugusa A, Tafesse T. Community Awareness and Engagement in Preventing and Controlling Non-Communicable Diseases in Nekemte Town, East Wollega Zone: A Comprehensive Study. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2025;10(2):29-38. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11
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@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11,
author = {Desalegn Amenu and Ayantu Nugusa and Temesgen Tafesse},
title = {Community Awareness and Engagement in Preventing and Controlling Non-Communicable Diseases in Nekemte Town, East Wollega Zone: A Comprehensive Study
},
journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {29-38},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20251002.11},
abstract = {Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a significant health challenge globally, including in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia, particularly in Nekemte town. The burden of NCDs is rising, necessitating a thorough assessment of community awareness and engagement for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aims to assess the level of community awareness and engagement in NCD prevention and control in Nekemte town, East Wollega Zone, with more emphasis evaluating awareness levels, health behaviors, existing programs, barriers to engagement, and best practices. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, and review of existing data and literature. Demographic data, prevalence rates, awareness levels, health behaviors, and community perceptions were collected and analyzed. The study will provide insights into the current state of community awareness and engagement regarding NCDs in Nekemte town. Findings were including awareness gaps, prevalent health behaviors, barriers to engagement, and successful community programs. For further intervention, evidence-based interventions and policies aimed at improving community awareness, promoting healthy behaviors, reducing NCD burden, and enhancing community engagement in Nekemte town and similar settings. The study is very important and has the potential to improve health outcomes, optimize resource allocation, reduce disparities, empower communities, inform policies, contribute to academic knowledge, and impact global health initiatives related to NCD prevention and control.
},
year = {2025}
}
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Community Awareness and Engagement in Preventing and Controlling Non-Communicable Diseases in Nekemte Town, East Wollega Zone: A Comprehensive Study
AU - Desalegn Amenu
AU - Ayantu Nugusa
AU - Temesgen Tafesse
Y1 - 2025/04/27
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11
T2 - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP - 29
EP - 38
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2578-966X
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20251002.11
AB - Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a significant health challenge globally, including in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia, particularly in Nekemte town. The burden of NCDs is rising, necessitating a thorough assessment of community awareness and engagement for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aims to assess the level of community awareness and engagement in NCD prevention and control in Nekemte town, East Wollega Zone, with more emphasis evaluating awareness levels, health behaviors, existing programs, barriers to engagement, and best practices. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, and review of existing data and literature. Demographic data, prevalence rates, awareness levels, health behaviors, and community perceptions were collected and analyzed. The study will provide insights into the current state of community awareness and engagement regarding NCDs in Nekemte town. Findings were including awareness gaps, prevalent health behaviors, barriers to engagement, and successful community programs. For further intervention, evidence-based interventions and policies aimed at improving community awareness, promoting healthy behaviors, reducing NCD burden, and enhancing community engagement in Nekemte town and similar settings. The study is very important and has the potential to improve health outcomes, optimize resource allocation, reduce disparities, empower communities, inform policies, contribute to academic knowledge, and impact global health initiatives related to NCD prevention and control.
VL - 10
IS - 2
ER -
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