Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin

Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou; Romeo Adegbite; Landry Kaucley; Clotaire Kpossi; Mariane Gnanvi; Merveille Aniambossou; Leila Djagaly; Rilwane Yessoufou; Badirou Aguemon

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin

Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou^*

, Romeo Adegbite

, Landry Kaucley, Clotaire Kpossi, Mariane Gnanvi, Merveille Aniambossou, Leila Djagaly, Rilwane Yessoufou, Badirou Aguemon

Published in World Journal of Public Health (Volume 11, Issue 1)

Received: 27 November 2025 Accepted: 15 December 2025 Published: 16 January 2026

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Abstract

Introduction: Vaccination remains the primary strategy against COVID-19. However, data may not reflect actual population immunity. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity against COVID-19 in Benin and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross- sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from April to September 2023 in 21 hospital centers across Benin's twelve departments and included 3802. Post-vaccination immunity was defined by the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies and the absence of anti-NCP IgG antibodies, using the Euroimmun ELISA test. Data were analyzed using STATA software with multivariate logistics regression. Results: Seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity was 41.56%. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with this immunity were age (adjusted OR=1.56; 95% CI [1.09-2.59]), residence within the former sanitary cordon (aOR=1.34; 95% CI [1.14-3.01]), history of hypertension/cardiovascular disease (aOR=3.25; 95% CI [1.41-4.63]), and history of diabetes (aOR=2.73; 95% CI [1.89-3.93]). Conclusion: Post-vaccination immunity is higher among vulnerable groups (elderly, comorbidities) and those in strategic urban zones, reflecting the prioritization of vaccination campaigns. Recommendations are proposed to target younger populations and rural areas to strengthen collective immunity.

Published in	World Journal of Public Health (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
Page(s)	11-19
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

COVID-19, Post-vaccination Immunity, Age Comorbidities, Benin

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APA Style

Padonou, S. G. R., Adegbite, R., Kaucley, L., Kpossi, C., Gnanvi, M., et al. (2026). Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin. World Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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ACS Style

Padonou, S. G. R.; Adegbite, R.; Kaucley, L.; Kpossi, C.; Gnanvi, M., et al. Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin. World J. Public Health 2026, 11(1), 11-19. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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AMA Style

Padonou SGR, Adegbite R, Kaucley L, Kpossi C, Gnanvi M, et al. Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin. World J Public Health. 2026;11(1):11-19. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12,
  author = {Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou and Romeo Adegbite and Landry Kaucley and Clotaire Kpossi and Mariane Gnanvi and Merveille Aniambossou and Leila Djagaly and Rilwane Yessoufou and Badirou Aguemon},
  title = {Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-19},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20261101.12},
  abstract = {Introduction: Vaccination remains the primary strategy against COVID-19. However, data may not reflect actual population immunity. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity against COVID-19 in Benin and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross- sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from April to September 2023 in 21 hospital centers across Benin's twelve departments and included 3802. Post-vaccination immunity was defined by the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies and the absence of anti-NCP IgG antibodies, using the Euroimmun ELISA test. Data were analyzed using STATA software with multivariate logistics regression. Results: Seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity was 41.56%. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with this immunity were age (adjusted OR=1.56; 95% CI [1.09-2.59]), residence within the former sanitary cordon (aOR=1.34; 95% CI [1.14-3.01]), history of hypertension/cardiovascular disease (aOR=3.25; 95% CI [1.41-4.63]), and history of diabetes (aOR=2.73; 95% CI [1.89-3.93]). Conclusion: Post-vaccination immunity is higher among vulnerable groups (elderly, comorbidities) and those in strategic urban zones, reflecting the prioritization of vaccination campaigns. Recommendations are proposed to target younger populations and rural areas to strengthen collective immunity.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin
AU  - Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou
AU  - Romeo Adegbite
AU  - Landry Kaucley
AU  - Clotaire Kpossi
AU  - Mariane Gnanvi
AU  - Merveille Aniambossou
AU  - Leila Djagaly
AU  - Rilwane Yessoufou
AU  - Badirou Aguemon
Y1  - 2026/01/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 11
EP  - 19
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
AB  - Introduction: Vaccination remains the primary strategy against COVID-19. However, data may not reflect actual population immunity. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity against COVID-19 in Benin and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross- sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from April to September 2023 in 21 hospital centers across Benin's twelve departments and included 3802. Post-vaccination immunity was defined by the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies and the absence of anti-NCP IgG antibodies, using the Euroimmun ELISA test. Data were analyzed using STATA software with multivariate logistics regression. Results: Seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity was 41.56%. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with this immunity were age (adjusted OR=1.56; 95% CI [1.09-2.59]), residence within the former sanitary cordon (aOR=1.34; 95% CI [1.14-3.01]), history of hypertension/cardiovascular disease (aOR=3.25; 95% CI [1.41-4.63]), and history of diabetes (aOR=2.73; 95% CI [1.89-3.93]). Conclusion: Post-vaccination immunity is higher among vulnerable groups (elderly, comorbidities) and those in strategic urban zones, reflecting the prioritization of vaccination campaigns. Recommendations are proposed to target younger populations and rural areas to strengthen collective immunity.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou

Department of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-0026
Romeo Adegbite

Department of Infectious Diseases, Lambarene Medical Research Center, Lambarene, Gabon

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4208-6212
Landry Kaucley

Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
Clotaire Kpossi

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Mariane Gnanvi

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Merveille Aniambossou

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Leila Djagaly

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Rilwane Yessoufou

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Badirou Aguemon

Department of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

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APA Style

Padonou, S. G. R., Adegbite, R., Kaucley, L., Kpossi, C., Gnanvi, M., et al. (2026). Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin. World Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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ACS Style

Padonou, S. G. R.; Adegbite, R.; Kaucley, L.; Kpossi, C.; Gnanvi, M., et al. Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin. World J. Public Health 2026, 11(1), 11-19. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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AMA Style

Padonou SGR, Adegbite R, Kaucley L, Kpossi C, Gnanvi M, et al. Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin. World J Public Health. 2026;11(1):11-19. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12,
  author = {Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou and Romeo Adegbite and Landry Kaucley and Clotaire Kpossi and Mariane Gnanvi and Merveille Aniambossou and Leila Djagaly and Rilwane Yessoufou and Badirou Aguemon},
  title = {Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-19},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20261101.12},
  abstract = {Introduction: Vaccination remains the primary strategy against COVID-19. However, data may not reflect actual population immunity. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity against COVID-19 in Benin and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross- sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from April to September 2023 in 21 hospital centers across Benin's twelve departments and included 3802. Post-vaccination immunity was defined by the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies and the absence of anti-NCP IgG antibodies, using the Euroimmun ELISA test. Data were analyzed using STATA software with multivariate logistics regression. Results: Seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity was 41.56%. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with this immunity were age (adjusted OR=1.56; 95% CI [1.09-2.59]), residence within the former sanitary cordon (aOR=1.34; 95% CI [1.14-3.01]), history of hypertension/cardiovascular disease (aOR=3.25; 95% CI [1.41-4.63]), and history of diabetes (aOR=2.73; 95% CI [1.89-3.93]). Conclusion: Post-vaccination immunity is higher among vulnerable groups (elderly, comorbidities) and those in strategic urban zones, reflecting the prioritization of vaccination campaigns. Recommendations are proposed to target younger populations and rural areas to strengthen collective immunity.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Post-vaccination Immunity Against COVID-19 in Benin
AU  - Setondji Geraud Romeo Padonou
AU  - Romeo Adegbite
AU  - Landry Kaucley
AU  - Clotaire Kpossi
AU  - Mariane Gnanvi
AU  - Merveille Aniambossou
AU  - Leila Djagaly
AU  - Rilwane Yessoufou
AU  - Badirou Aguemon
Y1  - 2026/01/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 11
EP  - 19
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20261101.12
AB  - Introduction: Vaccination remains the primary strategy against COVID-19. However, data may not reflect actual population immunity. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity against COVID-19 in Benin and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross- sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from April to September 2023 in 21 hospital centers across Benin's twelve departments and included 3802. Post-vaccination immunity was defined by the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies and the absence of anti-NCP IgG antibodies, using the Euroimmun ELISA test. Data were analyzed using STATA software with multivariate logistics regression. Results: Seroprevalence of post-vaccination immunity was 41.56%. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with this immunity were age (adjusted OR=1.56; 95% CI [1.09-2.59]), residence within the former sanitary cordon (aOR=1.34; 95% CI [1.14-3.01]), history of hypertension/cardiovascular disease (aOR=3.25; 95% CI [1.41-4.63]), and history of diabetes (aOR=2.73; 95% CI [1.89-3.93]). Conclusion: Post-vaccination immunity is higher among vulnerable groups (elderly, comorbidities) and those in strategic urban zones, reflecting the prioritization of vaccination campaigns. Recommendations are proposed to target younger populations and rural areas to strengthen collective immunity.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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