Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta

Ahmed Dame Mboup; Alassane Thiam; Amadou Babacar Sarr

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

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Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta

Ahmed Dame Mboup^*, Alassane Thiam, Amadou Babacar Sarr

Published in Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 15, Issue 1)

Received: 2 December 2025 Accepted: 18 December 2025 Published: 16 January 2026

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Abstract

The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potentially carcinogenic, toxic to the liver and kidneys, and cause skin and eye irritation. To carry out this study, two in-situ sampling campaigns of treated water were conducted to measure pH, turbidity (NTU), and total trihalomethanes. The first sampling was carried out on December 22, 2023 (just after the rainy season) at the Rawette, Ronkh, and Ross Bethio sites, while the second was carried out on May 21, 2025, at the Pont Mboubène, Kassak, and Mboundoum sites. For the first campaign, three (03) tap water samples were taken, one (01) per site, and for the second campaign, three (03) samples were taken, one (01) per site. The six samples were packaged in 500 mL polyethylene bottles and then transported in a cooler to the Sen'Eau laboratory at the KMS3 plant in Louga for physical and chemical analysis (pH, turbidity, and THM). The results obtained during the first campaign show values of 3.86 NTU for the Ross Bethio site and 1.88 NTU for the Rawette site, which do not comply with the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (1 NTU), and 0.81 NTU for the Ronkh site. For the second campaign, the turbidity values for the Boundoum and Pont Mboubène sites comply with the above standard (Boundoum 0.86 NTU and Mboubène 0.92 NTU), except for the Kassak site, which does not comply with the standard with a value of 3 NTU. For total THMs, the Ronkh and Ross Bethio sites showed minimum concentrations of 0 and 4µg/L, respectively, and a maximum concentration of 16µg/L for the first sampling and laboratory analysis campaign. For the second campaign, the minimum concentrations (0µg/L) were recorded at the Kassak and Mboubène sites, compared to a maximum concentration of 15µg/L recorded at the Boundoum site. Based on this spatial and temporal variation in total THMs analyzed in the drinking water supply networks at the study sites during the two seasons, the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (75µg/L) is met. However, the presence of THMs at certain sites could be avoided by completely removing organic matter before distribution.

Published in	Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 15, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
Page(s)	1-7
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Trihalomethanes, SEQ, Turbidity, Residual Chlorine, Organic Matter, Senegal River Delta

References

[1]	Moustapha SANE, "Note sur les ressources en eaux du Senegal: zones potentielles pour le transfert d'eau," 2015.
[2]	pS-Eau, "Principales ressources et Qualite de l’eau au Senegal," 2019.
[3]	El Hadji KEITA M. S. S. Mokhtar SECK, "MANUEL D'EXPLOITATION DE LA STATION DE POTALISATION DE RHONE," 2020.
[4]	Ahmed Dame MBOUP, "Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta," American Journal of Water Resources, vol. 13, 2025.
[5]	Saliou Kamara, "Developpements hydrauliques et gestion d'un hydrosysteme largement anthropise: le delta du fleuve Senegal," 2013.
[6]	Doods and King, "Relation entre les composes trihalomethanes et les malformations congenitales," 2001.
[7]	Nieuwenhuijsen al., "Relation entre les composes trihalomethanes et les malformations congenitales," 2001.
[8]	Mame Ramatoulaye Faye, "contribution a l’amelioration de l’acces a l’eau pour l’agriculture irriguee face a la proliferation des plantes aquatiques dont le typha australis dans le delta du fleuve senegal: cas du canal principal a de la CSS," 2025.
[9]	Awa NIANG, "Amenagement du lac de guiers de 1824 a l’avenement des grands barrages du fleuve senegal: prospective geographique. Climat et developpement," 1999.
[10]	ANSD, "Situation economique et sociale regionale," 2019.
[11]	Penda DIOP, "Vers une strategie de gestion participative multi-usages de la ressource en eau dans le delta du fleuvesenegal: processus de decision et outils de regulation autour du lac de guiers," 2017.
[12]	Mahamadou Maiga, "Le bassin du fleuve senegal de la traite negriere à la cooperation sous regionale," 2011.
[13]	SCOPELA, "Le report sur pied des vegetations," 2014.
[14]	S. GUEYE, "Etude de l’evolution de la region du lac de guiers," 1999.
[15]	Stephanie DUVAIL, "Scenarios hydrologiques et modèles de developpement en aval d’un grand barrage: les usages de l’eau et le partage des ressources dans le delta mauritanien du fleuve senegal. These de doctorat," 2001.
[16]	Marième MBOUP, "Changement socio-environnementaux et dynamique de la vegetation aquatique envahissante dans le delta du fleuve senegal," 2014.
[17]	PGIRE II, "Caracterisation de la pêche continentale et de l’aquaculture dans le departement de Dagana et des mares des departements de Matam et de Kanel en Republique du Senegal," 2016.
[18]	El Hadji Salif DIOP, Ibrahima MBAYE, Cheikh FAYE, "Impacts des changements de climat et des amenagements sur les ressources en eau du fleuve Senegal: caracterisation et evolution des regimes hydrologiques de sous-bassins versants naturels et amenages," Revue Belge de Geographie, 2015.
[19]	Souleymane NIANG, "Milieux, secheresse climatique et erosion eolienne. Etude geomorphologique du Sahel senegalais," Universite Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, 2008.
[20]	COSTET-DEIBER, "Effets sanitaires de l'exposition des sous-produits chloration de l'eau," Universite de rennes 1 sous le seau de l'Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, Rennes, 2013.

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APA Style

Mboup, A. D., Thiam, A., Sarr, A. B. (2026). Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 15(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

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ACS Style

Mboup, A. D.; Thiam, A.; Sarr, A. B. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2026, 15(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

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AMA Style

Mboup AD, Thiam A, Sarr AB. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2026;15(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11,
  author = {Ahmed Dame Mboup and Alassane Thiam and Amadou Babacar Sarr},
  title = {Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20261501.11},
  abstract = {The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potentially carcinogenic, toxic to the liver and kidneys, and cause skin and eye irritation. To carry out this study, two in-situ sampling campaigns of treated water were conducted to measure pH, turbidity (NTU), and total trihalomethanes. The first sampling was carried out on December 22, 2023 (just after the rainy season) at the Rawette, Ronkh, and Ross Bethio sites, while the second was carried out on May 21, 2025, at the Pont Mboubène, Kassak, and Mboundoum sites. For the first campaign, three (03) tap water samples were taken, one (01) per site, and for the second campaign, three (03) samples were taken, one (01) per site. The six samples were packaged in 500 mL polyethylene bottles and then transported in a cooler to the Sen'Eau laboratory at the KMS3 plant in Louga for physical and chemical analysis (pH, turbidity, and THM). The results obtained during the first campaign show values of 3.86 NTU for the Ross Bethio site and 1.88 NTU for the Rawette site, which do not comply with the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (1 NTU), and 0.81 NTU for the Ronkh site. For the second campaign, the turbidity values for the Boundoum and Pont Mboubène sites comply with the above standard (Boundoum 0.86 NTU and Mboubène 0.92 NTU), except for the Kassak site, which does not comply with the standard with a value of 3 NTU. For total THMs, the Ronkh and Ross Bethio sites showed minimum concentrations of 0 and 4µg/L, respectively, and a maximum concentration of 16µg/L for the first sampling and laboratory analysis campaign. For the second campaign, the minimum concentrations (0µg/L) were recorded at the Kassak and Mboubène sites, compared to a maximum concentration of 15µg/L recorded at the Boundoum site. Based on this spatial and temporal variation in total THMs analyzed in the drinking water supply networks at the study sites during the two seasons, the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (75µg/L) is met. However, the presence of THMs at certain sites could be avoided by completely removing organic matter before distribution.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta
AU  - Ahmed Dame Mboup
AU  - Alassane Thiam
AU  - Amadou Babacar Sarr
Y1  - 2026/01/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
AB  - The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potentially carcinogenic, toxic to the liver and kidneys, and cause skin and eye irritation. To carry out this study, two in-situ sampling campaigns of treated water were conducted to measure pH, turbidity (NTU), and total trihalomethanes. The first sampling was carried out on December 22, 2023 (just after the rainy season) at the Rawette, Ronkh, and Ross Bethio sites, while the second was carried out on May 21, 2025, at the Pont Mboubène, Kassak, and Mboundoum sites. For the first campaign, three (03) tap water samples were taken, one (01) per site, and for the second campaign, three (03) samples were taken, one (01) per site. The six samples were packaged in 500 mL polyethylene bottles and then transported in a cooler to the Sen'Eau laboratory at the KMS3 plant in Louga for physical and chemical analysis (pH, turbidity, and THM). The results obtained during the first campaign show values of 3.86 NTU for the Ross Bethio site and 1.88 NTU for the Rawette site, which do not comply with the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (1 NTU), and 0.81 NTU for the Ronkh site. For the second campaign, the turbidity values for the Boundoum and Pont Mboubène sites comply with the above standard (Boundoum 0.86 NTU and Mboubène 0.92 NTU), except for the Kassak site, which does not comply with the standard with a value of 3 NTU. For total THMs, the Ronkh and Ross Bethio sites showed minimum concentrations of 0 and 4µg/L, respectively, and a maximum concentration of 16µg/L for the first sampling and laboratory analysis campaign. For the second campaign, the minimum concentrations (0µg/L) were recorded at the Kassak and Mboubène sites, compared to a maximum concentration of 15µg/L recorded at the Boundoum site. Based on this spatial and temporal variation in total THMs analyzed in the drinking water supply networks at the study sites during the two seasons, the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (75µg/L) is met. However, the presence of THMs at certain sites could be avoided by completely removing organic matter before distribution.
VL  - 15
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ahmed Dame Mboup

Doctoral School of Sustainable Development and Society, Iba Der THIAM University, Thies, Senegal

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Alassane Thiam

Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Iba Der THIAM University, Thies, Senegal

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Amadou Babacar Sarr

Private Institute for Medical Training and Research, Dakar, Senegal

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APA Style

Mboup, A. D., Thiam, A., Sarr, A. B. (2026). Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 15(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

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ACS Style

Mboup, A. D.; Thiam, A.; Sarr, A. B. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2026, 15(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

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AMA Style

Mboup AD, Thiam A, Sarr AB. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2026;15(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11,
  author = {Ahmed Dame Mboup and Alassane Thiam and Amadou Babacar Sarr},
  title = {Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20261501.11},
  abstract = {The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potentially carcinogenic, toxic to the liver and kidneys, and cause skin and eye irritation. To carry out this study, two in-situ sampling campaigns of treated water were conducted to measure pH, turbidity (NTU), and total trihalomethanes. The first sampling was carried out on December 22, 2023 (just after the rainy season) at the Rawette, Ronkh, and Ross Bethio sites, while the second was carried out on May 21, 2025, at the Pont Mboubène, Kassak, and Mboundoum sites. For the first campaign, three (03) tap water samples were taken, one (01) per site, and for the second campaign, three (03) samples were taken, one (01) per site. The six samples were packaged in 500 mL polyethylene bottles and then transported in a cooler to the Sen'Eau laboratory at the KMS3 plant in Louga for physical and chemical analysis (pH, turbidity, and THM). The results obtained during the first campaign show values of 3.86 NTU for the Ross Bethio site and 1.88 NTU for the Rawette site, which do not comply with the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (1 NTU), and 0.81 NTU for the Ronkh site. For the second campaign, the turbidity values for the Boundoum and Pont Mboubène sites comply with the above standard (Boundoum 0.86 NTU and Mboubène 0.92 NTU), except for the Kassak site, which does not comply with the standard with a value of 3 NTU. For total THMs, the Ronkh and Ross Bethio sites showed minimum concentrations of 0 and 4µg/L, respectively, and a maximum concentration of 16µg/L for the first sampling and laboratory analysis campaign. For the second campaign, the minimum concentrations (0µg/L) were recorded at the Kassak and Mboubène sites, compared to a maximum concentration of 15µg/L recorded at the Boundoum site. Based on this spatial and temporal variation in total THMs analyzed in the drinking water supply networks at the study sites during the two seasons, the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (75µg/L) is met. However, the presence of THMs at certain sites could be avoided by completely removing organic matter before distribution.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta
AU  - Ahmed Dame Mboup
AU  - Alassane Thiam
AU  - Amadou Babacar Sarr
Y1  - 2026/01/16
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20261501.11
AB  - The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potentially carcinogenic, toxic to the liver and kidneys, and cause skin and eye irritation. To carry out this study, two in-situ sampling campaigns of treated water were conducted to measure pH, turbidity (NTU), and total trihalomethanes. The first sampling was carried out on December 22, 2023 (just after the rainy season) at the Rawette, Ronkh, and Ross Bethio sites, while the second was carried out on May 21, 2025, at the Pont Mboubène, Kassak, and Mboundoum sites. For the first campaign, three (03) tap water samples were taken, one (01) per site, and for the second campaign, three (03) samples were taken, one (01) per site. The six samples were packaged in 500 mL polyethylene bottles and then transported in a cooler to the Sen'Eau laboratory at the KMS3 plant in Louga for physical and chemical analysis (pH, turbidity, and THM). The results obtained during the first campaign show values of 3.86 NTU for the Ross Bethio site and 1.88 NTU for the Rawette site, which do not comply with the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (1 NTU), and 0.81 NTU for the Ronkh site. For the second campaign, the turbidity values for the Boundoum and Pont Mboubène sites comply with the above standard (Boundoum 0.86 NTU and Mboubène 0.92 NTU), except for the Kassak site, which does not comply with the standard with a value of 3 NTU. For total THMs, the Ronkh and Ross Bethio sites showed minimum concentrations of 0 and 4µg/L, respectively, and a maximum concentration of 16µg/L for the first sampling and laboratory analysis campaign. For the second campaign, the minimum concentrations (0µg/L) were recorded at the Kassak and Mboubène sites, compared to a maximum concentration of 15µg/L recorded at the Boundoum site. Based on this spatial and temporal variation in total THMs analyzed in the drinking water supply networks at the study sites during the two seasons, the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (75µg/L) is met. However, the presence of THMs at certain sites could be avoided by completely removing organic matter before distribution.
VL  - 15
IS  - 1
ER  -

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