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Review Article
Radioactive Waste Management and Safety Frameworks for VVER-1200 Reactors at the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant: A Comprehensive Review
Samsul Islam
,
Md. Jakir Hossen,
Md. Ashikur Rahman,
Mohammad Zoynal Abedin*,
Jahirul Islam,
Nurul Hoda Sanid,
Zahid Ahsan,
Amanullah Moral,
Md. Saiful Islam,
Al-Amin,
Md. Tasdid Hasan,
Md Sajedul Islam,
Md. Erfanul Hasan Sakib,
Md. Abdulla Al Korais,
Abdur Rahman Muin,
Md. Mobashir Hosain,
Md. Fardouse Alam,
Mohammad Monirul Kabir Mridha,
Md. Hossain Ali,
Md. Rezaul Karim Sikder,
Shariful Islam,
Md Ashraful Islam Bhuiyan
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
45-55
Received:
22 October 2025
Accepted:
4 November 2025
Published:
10 April 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajee.20261402.11
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Abstract: Bangladesh's entry into the nuclear age with the construction of its first commercial nuclear power project, the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP), featuring two Generation III+ VVER-1200 units supplied by the Russian Federation, is a significant step towards achieving energy security. However, this significant technological advancement necessitates the parallel establishment of robust, internationally compliant strategies for the safe and sustainable management of radioactive waste (RW). This comprehensive review systematically synthesizes the proposed and implemented approaches for RW treatment, disposal, and regulatory oversight at the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, providing a critical analysis of the country's "National Policy on Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management-2019" and associated bilateral agreements. The primary finding highlights the strategic success of the policy, which mandates the repatriation of all high-level waste (Spent Nuclear Fuel, SNF) back to Russia, thereby eliminating the nation's most significant long-term nuclear liability. This agreement effectively offloads the burden of managing an estimated 50-60 tons of highly radioactive waste annually (fuel inventory and discharge estimates commensurate with 2.4 GWe plant capacity). Conversely, the review focuses on the domestic challenge of managing Low and Intermediate-Level Waste (LILW), examining the specialized technical systems for treating solid radioactive waste (SRW), liquid radioactive waste (LRW), and gaseous waste, including solidification processes and interim storage plans. Furthermore, the paper critically outlines the required strengthening of the regulatory framework under the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority (BAERA) and identifies critical long-term gaps. These gaps include the absence of a formalized repository for final disposal of Low and Intermediate-Level Waste, the need for fully capitalized financial assurance funds, and the necessity for sustained investment in institutional capacity and human resources. This review contributes a vital synthesis to the literature on nuclear new build programs, particularly for developing nations, by detailing strategic solutions and outlining the immediate technical, regulatory, and financial priorities required to ensure the long-term safety and sustainability of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant.
Abstract: Bangladesh's entry into the nuclear age with the construction of its first commercial nuclear power project, the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP), featuring two Generation III+ VVER-1200 units supplied by the Russian Federation, is a significant step towards achieving energy security. However, this significant technological advancement necessitat...
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Research Article
Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung and Rumen Fluid for Biogas Production
Ibe Raymond Obinna*,
Amechi Jonathan,
Nnadikwe Johnson
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
56-61
Received:
21 February 2026
Accepted:
9 March 2026
Published:
11 April 2026
Abstract: The Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung and Rumen Fluid for Biogas Production was investigated using a 75L bio-digester. The substrate mixture, comprising cow dung and rumen fluid in a 1:1 ratio, was anaerobically digested with a water-to-substrate ratio of 1:1. The digester was stirred thrice daily to ensure optimal mixing and biogas production. Over a 14-day retention period, biogas production was monitored, and the resulting gas composition was analyzed. The biogas yielded 57.99% methane (CH4), 39.99% carbon dioxide (CO2), 2.00% oxygen (O2), 0.01% hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and 0.01% water vapor. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of co-digesting cow dung and rumen fluid for biogas production, highlighting the potential for sustainable energy generation from agro-industrial waste. The study reveals that the anaerobic digestion process was effective in converting organic waste into a valuable energy resource. The presence of methane as the primary component indicates the potential for energy generation, while the low oxygen content confirms the anaerobic nature of the process. The results suggest that co-digestion of cow dung and rumen fluid can enhance biogas production, offering a promising solution for waste management and renewable energy production. This study Reveal the optimization of biogas production from agro-industrial waste, contributing to the development of sustainable energy solutions. The outcomes of this research have significant implications for Nigeria's energy sector, where abundant agricultural waste can be harnessed to meet energy demands.
Abstract: The Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung and Rumen Fluid for Biogas Production was investigated using a 75L bio-digester. The substrate mixture, comprising cow dung and rumen fluid in a 1:1 ratio, was anaerobically digested with a water-to-substrate ratio of 1:1. The digester was stirred thrice daily to ensure optimal mixing and biogas production. Over ...
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Research Article
Comparative Study of Perovskite Thin Film Solar Cells: Effect of Perovskite Absorber Layer Thickness Variations in Electrical Parameters
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
62-70
Received:
6 March 2026
Accepted:
18 March 2026
Published:
23 April 2026
Abstract: In this work, we have study the FTO/ZnO/CH3NH3SnI3/Cu2O/Au/SLG; FTO/ZnO/CsPbI3/Cu2O/Au/SLG and FTO/CsSnI3/Cu2O/Au/SLG heterojunction. For that, we have studied the impact of the thickness in the electrical parameters of CsPbI3 in the first time; CH3NH3SnI3 in the second time and CsSnI3 in the third time. After thickness variation, we have optimized and done a comparative study of those three perovskites solar cells in energetics, environmental and economic aspects. The absorbers thin films are varying between 500 nm and 2500 nm by using SCAPS_1D software to study the impact of this variation in the solar cell efficiency, the fill factor, the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current density. This work allows us to obtain 26.08% of efficiency and 81.07% for fill factor with 900 nm optimum thickness of CH3NH3SnI3 thin film perovskite solar cell. With the CsPbI3 we have obtain 23.21% for the efficiency and 83.26% for fill factor at 1657 nm optimum thickness. And with CsSnI3, an efficiency of 24.76% and 81.04% are obtain at 1131 nm optimum thickness. The energetic comparison shows that the CH3NH3SnI3 have the best efficiency but CsPbI3 have the best quality. The efficiency of CsSnI3 is better than the CsPbI3. The CH3NH3SnI3 is a volatile substance. If we can find a way to stabilized the tin in CsSnI3 perovskite solar cell, it represents a best choice than CsPbI3 which is toxic and CH3NH3SnI3 which is volatile. Our comparative study allows us to show that we can substitute tin by Antimoine, Bismuth or Germanium and varying other parameters to resolve the stability, reduce toxicity aspect and optimize more the electrical parameters. This study shows also that we can use less material and optimize more the electrical performances of the perovskite solar cells.
Abstract: In this work, we have study the FTO/ZnO/CH3NH3SnI3/Cu2O/Au/SLG; FTO/ZnO/CsPbI3/Cu2O/Au/SLG and FTO/CsSnI3/Cu2O/Au/SLG heterojunction. For that, we have studied the impact of the thickness in the electrical parameters of CsPbI3 in the first time; CH3NH3SnI3 in the second time and CsSnI3 in the third time. After thickness variation, we have optimized...
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Research Article
Perovskite and Cadmium Telluride in Next-generation Photovoltaic Technologies
Kevin Ochoa,
Leanna Tse,
Saquib Ahmed*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
71-82
Received:
22 October 2025
Accepted:
3 November 2025
Published:
14 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajee.20261402.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and perovskite materials as a top-layer for next-generation tandem photovoltaic (PV) technologies, benchmarked against crystalline silicon (c-Si). The evaluation integrates three primary domains, scientific and engineering performance, economic feasibility, and ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) to establish a multidimensional framework for sustainable material selection. Scientific and engineering assessment analyzed device efficiency, material stability, and degradation behavior. Economic viability was assessed using levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and price per watt (PPW). The ELSI evaluation focused on environmental toxicity, health risks and sourcing concerns such as the use of conflict-region materials. A qualitative assessment of each category was translated to a quantitative scale to enable direct comparison. Results indicate that CdTe exhibits higher stability and lower degradation, maintaining superior durability and manufacturing compared to perovskite. However, perovskites rapidly increasing efficiency, inexpensive raw materials, and declining production costs highlight its long-term promise. Despite CdTe’s strong scientific and ELSI performance, its reliance on tellurium limits scalability, white perovskites environmental challenges, particularly lead toxicity, require further technological innovation. Ongoing research into encapsulation and defect passivation may significantly improve perovskite’s stability and sustainability. Additional, integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in material discovery can accelerate optimization across all domains. This study underscores the potential for both CdTe and perovskite to transform next-generation solar power systems by combining technical, economic and ethical perspectives. The findings serve as a framework for future research in sustainable PV development, bridging laboratory innovation with real-world energy transition strategies.
Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and perovskite materials as a top-layer for next-generation tandem photovoltaic (PV) technologies, benchmarked against crystalline silicon (c-Si). The evaluation integrates three primary domains, scientific and engineering performance, economic feasibility, and eth...
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